PSY 200 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Last Lecture I. No previous lecture containing lecture contentII. Reading: Discovery the Life Span pages 22-23 and supplemental reading #1 (availableon D2L)Outline of Current Lecture I. Early biology research and studies and how it influenced the evolutionary theoryII. Contributions of Lamarck, Malthus, Darwin, Hamilton, Williams and TriversIII. Characteristics of natural selection, sexual selection and differential reproductive successIV. Early and modern understandings of evolution and adaptations Current LectureI. Early biology research and studies and how it influenced the evolutionary theory:- The late 1700s to the early/mid 1800s is when biology first became known as a science and interests began to grow in the exploration of different species. Scientists did their research with techniques and resources such as interspecies comparison, fossil records and embryological development. The main thing to take away from this is that species change over time and a species characteristicsall serve an important purpose to the success of their survival and reproduction. - Structural homology showed scientists the similarities in different species limbs. This led most to question the idea of evolution, but although the limbs may appear similar, their slight differences serve a purpose specific to that species. For example, the bones of a whale’s fin compared to the bones of a human arm are slightly similar. A whale’s fin bones appear to have five finger bones but a whale’s fin is very different from a human arm in how they both perform different functions. II. Contributions of Lamarck, Malthus, Darwin, Hamilton, Williams and Trivers:- Lamarck (1744-1829) discovered the idea that species change over time and he believed that species would always progress to a higher form. Passed down from generations is an inheritance of acquired characteristics, so each new generation These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.is improving over time. Giraffes, for example, evolved to have a long neck in order to reach higher leaves to eat.- Malthus (1766-1834) wrote the famous book Essay on the Principal of Population in 1798. The book states that more offspring are born than can survive or reproduce due to disease reducing the population. He explains the idea that species struggle for existence and how a species with favorable variations tend to live more successful lives while unfavorable variations tend to die out.- Charles Darwin (1809-1882) contributed to the evolutionary theory with influences from scientists Lamarck and Malthus. He also wrote the famous book On the Origin of Species, which discusses why species evolve and he argues that species adapt through a process of natural selection. - Hamilton (1964) believed in the idea of inclusive fitness which measures an organism’s reproductive success by helping their kin survive and reproduce. This idea differs from Darwin’s idea of classical fitness which measures an organism’s reproductive success by the number of offspring they produce.- George Williams (1926-2010) wrote the book Adaptation and Natural Selection, which discusses how altruism evolves because individuals tend to help other individuals that they are genetically related to. Williams also claimed that humans have evolved solutions to specific problems which leads to more successful generations.- Robert Trivers (1943) researched altruism and parenting and claimed that all children should be treated the same (parental investment theory) and that conflicts arise between parents and offspring due to the distribution of resources. III. Characteristics of natural selection, sexual selection and differential reproductive success:- Natural selection, also known as survival selection, means that certain traits allow an organism to survive and reproduce in their environment. Darwin’s theory includes three components, the first one is variation which is differing characteristics within a species such as wing length and defensive ability. The next part is inheritance which means that only inherited variations are passed down to the offspring not deformities, it has to be a part of the genetic material. The last component is selection which means that only variations that would be advantageous for the individual are inherited in order for the individual to survive and reproduce successfully. - Sexual selection was also created by Darwin when he found species that did not follow his theory of natural selection. Peacocks made Darwin question himself, he could not understand why they would have such big feathers and bright colorsthat would make it easy for a predator to hunt. From that he created the theory of sexual selection, or successful mating. There are two types of sexual selection, the first one is intrasexual competition. This is where the same sex will compete for the attention of the opposite sex and the winner gets to mate. The next one isintersexual competition which is where one sex chooses their partner with the particular characteristics needed for survival. - Differential reproductive success is based on the importance of reproduction in order to pass on inherited qualities to the next generation. The success of a species is based on the increase or decrease of the chance for survival or reproduction. With advantageous variations an organism will have more offspring, more fitness, more impact on the next generation and more impact on the entire species. V. Early and modern understandings of evolution and adaptations:-Evolution is the gradual or progressive development of organisms over time. There are two premises to evolution, the first is a developmental perspective of evolution which means that our behavior has developed through the genetic inheritance from our ancestors. The second is evolution ties into the field of ethology which is the study of human behavior from a biological perspective.-There are three perspective of adaptations, the first one is evolutionary psychology which is the focus on norms of our ancestral environment. The second is developmental psychology which is the focus on norms of an individual personality in society. The last one is learning psychology which is the focus on norms of internal and external behavior. Darwin claimed that adaptations arise from both natural and sexual