BIOL 3333: FINAL EXAM
114 Cards in this Set
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Hydrolyctic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolyctic enzymes in animal cells?
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Lysosome
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A covalent chemicl bond is one in which
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outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms
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What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
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dehydration reactions
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Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
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carboxyl and amino
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electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. However, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a possible result is that
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an electron may move to an electron shell farther away from the nucleus.
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In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same?
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They have the same number of electrons in their valence shell
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Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because
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protists have a membrane-bound nucleus, which bacterial cells lack
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Which of the following explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another?
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hydrogen bond
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what results from an equal sharing of electrons between atoms?
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a polar covalent bond
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All of the following are polysaccharides except
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lactose
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All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
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an endoplasmic reticulum
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which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize
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hydrogen bonds
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what is the maximum number of covalent bonds an element with atomic number 8 can make with hydrogen?
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2
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The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to
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the chemical versatility of carbon atoms
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Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
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Bacteria and Archaea
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There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?
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different side chains (R groups) attached to an a carbon
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A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely
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producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins
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Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are
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nonpolar substances that repel water molecules
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the atomic number of neon is 10.Therefore, which of the following is most corrected about an atom of neon?
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It has 8 electrons in its outer electron shell and it is inert
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Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?
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They have variations in arrangement around a double bond
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The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be the most likely consequence?
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a change in the shape of the nucleus
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Which of the following is not a polymer
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glucose
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a carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond with another atoms?
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covalent
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Which of the following solutions would require the greatest amount of base to be added to bring the solution to neutron pH?
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gastric juice at pH 2
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The illustration above most probably represents
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a map of a network of protein interactions within a eukaryotic cell
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A 0.01 M solution of a substance has a pH of 2. What can you conclude about this substance?
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It is strong acid that ionizes completely in water
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Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
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The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages
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What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?
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Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atms
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One difference between carbon-12 is that carbon-14 has
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two more neutron than carbon-12
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in hypothetical world, every 50 years people over 6 feet tall are eliminated from the population before they reproduce. Based on your knowledge of natural selection, you would predict that the average height of the human population will
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gradually decline
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Which of the following correctly describes any reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium?
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The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the reverse reaction
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Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
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a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
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The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is
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light energy
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research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers that is molecules that
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are mirror images of one another
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large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
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proteins
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the partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because
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the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spnd more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus
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Which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is not true?
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They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids
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WHat did Engelmann conclude about the congregation of bacteria in the red and blue areas?
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Bacteria congregated in these areas because these areas had the most oxygen being released
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Cell membranes are asymmetrical. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
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The two sides of a cell membrane face different environment and carry out different functions
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Becasue most receptors are membrane proteins, which of the following is usually true?
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They change their confirmation after binding with signal polypeptides
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in order for a protein to be an integral membrane protein it would have to be
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amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region
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In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis
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NADH and pyruvate
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When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway
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signal molecule
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Generation of proton gradients across membranes accurs during
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both photosynthesis and respiration
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which cell would be best for studying lyosomes?
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phagocytic white blood cell
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What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?
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breakdown of fatty acids
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When a molecule of NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecules becomes
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reduced
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Which of these are not embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer at all
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peripheral proteins
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Which of the following contain the 9+2 arragement of microtubules consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules?
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both flagella and motile cilia
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The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in th eregulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following?
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integrins
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A system at chemical equilibrium
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can do no work
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in chemiosmotic phosphorylation, wha is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?
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energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down the electrochemical gradient
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Which of the following is the most similar in structure to ATP?
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an RNA nucleotide
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When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of
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splitting water molecules
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Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondria
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inner membrane
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Why are lipids and proteins free to move laterally in membranes?
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There are only weak hydrophobic interactions in the interior of the membrane
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Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate tot he second law of thermodynamics?
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As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth
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Which of the following is true for all exagonic reactions?
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The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy
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Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?
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cytoskeletal structures
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What kind of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
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small and hydrophobic
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In yeast signal transduction, the yeast cells
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secrete molecules that result in response by other yeast cells
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Reactions that require CO2 take place in
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the calvin cycle
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Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
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energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Of the following, a receptor protein in a membrane that recognizes a chemical signal is most similiar to
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the active site of an allosteric enzyme that binds to aspecific substrate
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The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of some animals
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enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops
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Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperature
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the double bonds form kinks in the fatty acids tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly.
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When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes
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oxidized
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The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
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Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?
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a molecule of glucose
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Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's
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activation energy
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How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?
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two
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When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this serve(if any) in the cell?
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The phosphate may be incorporated into any molecule that contains phosphate
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The reaction that produce molecular oxygen(O2) take place in
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the light reactions alone
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What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon?
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they are inversely related
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What is the primary function of the calvin cycle
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synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
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Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?
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phospholipids and proteins
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In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?
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harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
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Which of the following nucleotide triplets best represents a codon?
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a triplet in the same reading frame as an upstream AUG
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After which checkpoint is the cell first committed to continue the cell cycle through M?
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G1
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An inhibitor of which of the following could be used to block the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
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phospholipase c
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Which of the following is a protein maintained at constant levels throughout the cel cycle that requires cyclin to become catalytically active?
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Cdk
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What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
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The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand
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Which of the following does not occur in prokaryotic gene expression, but does in eukaryotic gene expression?
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A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end.
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Which of the following is a true statement about sexual vs. asexual reproduction
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in sexual reproduction, individuals transmit 50% of their genes to each of their offspring
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A scientist discovers a DNA-based test for one allele of a particular gene. This and only this allele, if homozygous, produces an effect that results in death a or about the time of birth. Of the following, which is the best use of this discovery?
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design a test for identifying heterozygous carriers of the allele.
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A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
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3' UCA 5'
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Which of the following is the best explanation for the fact that most transduction pathways have multiple steps?
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Multiple steps provide for greater possible amplification of a signal
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What is the source of the extra chromosome 21 in an individual with down syndrome?
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nondisjunction or translocation in either parent
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Males are often afected by sex-linked traits than females because
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males are hemizygous for the X chromosome
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If cells in the proces of dividing are subjected to colchicine, a drug that interferes with the formation of the spindle apparatus, at which stage will mitosis be arrested?
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metaphase
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Which of the following defines genome?
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the complete set of an organism's genes
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A woman is found to have 47 chromosomes, including three x chromosomes. Which of the following describes her expected phenotype?
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normal female
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Which of the following statements is true of linkage?
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the closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that crossover will occur between them
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Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son. What are the genotypes of the parents?
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XcXc and XCY
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One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alternation called?
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translocation
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A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can therefore conclude which of the following?
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its gametes must have 23 chromosomes
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The human X and Y chromosomes
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include genes that determine an individual's sex
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A sexualy reproducing animal has two linked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length(T). Its genotype is HhTt. WHich of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?
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HT
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If there are 20 centromerers in a cell at anaphase, how many chromosomes are there in eac daughter cell following cytokinesis?
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10
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Recombination between linked genes comes about for what reason?
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Crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal exchange
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A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediatly following mitosis and is found to have an average of 8 picograms of DNA per nucleus. How amny picograms would be found at the end of S and the end of G2?
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16;16
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Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5'-->3' direction?
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DNA polymerase III
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Intrying to determine wether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of which of th following facts?
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DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not
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Which of the following can be determined directly from x-ray diffraction photographs of crystallized DNA?
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the diameter of the helix
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An Okazaki fragment has which of the following arrangements?
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5' RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides 3'
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The differrent between ATP and the nucleoside triphospahte used during DNA synthesis is that
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the nucleoside trisphosphate have the sugar deoxyribose; ATP has the sugar ribose
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A drug designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone would almost certainly result in which of the following?
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a decrease in transcriptional activity of certain genes
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What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants?
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Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of "blending"
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After telophase I of meosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is
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haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids
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Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?
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synapsis of chromosomes
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What are scafffolding proteins?
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large molecules to which several relay protein attach to facilitate cascade effects
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Staring with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions woul produce an early embryo with how many cells?
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32
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In certain plants , tall is dominant to short. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short?
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0
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SRY is best described in which of th following wyas
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a gene present on the Y chromosme that triggers male development
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BIOL 3333: EXAM 4