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OU BIOL 3333 - Ribosome
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BIOL 3333 1st Edition Lecture 1GeneticsThere are about 360 times more bacterial genes in our body than there are human genesWhat is a gene? Most of us in high school have info about the DNA helix - most of us are probsss aware that there are nucleotides that are red 3 at a time in a non overlapping manner - we call them codons - they can specify individual subunits of molecules - We utilize this train of info transfer - we have a specialized cell in the human body - a pigment cell - a molanocyte - somewhere in DNA there is a continuous sequence that can be turned on in this cell type - it encodes tyrosinase and is transcribed into mRNA - (transcription) - the messenger RNA is processed and released into cytoplasm in the cell On a ribosome - the info that is encoded is translated into the biological effector that will lead to a biological characteristic - the proton in this genes is the biological molecule that allows for skin color to go from pale to tan - goes from tyrosine to melanin (pale to tan) Central dogma: the chain of info transfer - from DNA to RNA to protein Can have genes that don’t end up encoding a particular protein - the macromolecular machinery contains ribosomal RNa, transfer rna, snrna, mirna, etc - genes that are not always translated into proteins there are RNA molecules, that are going to be important in regulating this process - Normal allele - if we look at the cartoon on the screen - there is a word that hasn’t been definedAllele - a different from of a gene found at a given genetic locusLocus - spot in genome where a particular gene may be locatedFor us: tyrosinase gene is located on chromosome 14 Some alleles are nonfunctional - do not work - within human populations we are diploid - carry 2copies - it is possible that we would get allelic variation - These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Mutation, change in DNA leads to change in protein sequence - defective enzyme Clicker Question: See Diagram on D2L Lecture 2 ^^^ True or false: this situation will lead to a person with a normal pigmented phenotype: true Why? we have the normal gene - the normal gene will provide enough of the protein product to sustain a normal phenotype The dominant phenotype here is the normal phenotype - because we are producing enough of that effector to give us a normal phenotype - this wont always happen It may be possible to inherit 2 non functional alleles - effectively a non functional physiological effector Mutant - Non-pigmented or Albino phenotype - common What’s a gene? 1 thing we’ve been talking about is encoding a biological effecter - must provide info to itscarriers w/ respect to biological structure and function- Organisms vary - heritable variation is attributable to genetic change - mutation it must be transmitted b/w generations and each individual must have a physical copy of this material The genetics of gene transmission - Mendelian genetics Null allele - How is such a phenotype normally produced? both parents are normal but they are both capable of transmitting this entity to its baby- what is the molecular process thru which this is occurring - occurring thru meiosis and fertilization Due to the central dogma, mutations in DNA are only capable of changing phenotype if they occur in regions of the genome encoding proteins - FALSE. - There are mutations that can occur outside of coding region of the enzyme that can effect how a gene is shown DNA is the primary molecule for storing genetic informationthe central dogma is a main ave for accessing infobut there are other ways for information to be stored in biological systemsand the mechanisms to retrieve that info are varied and complexEarly concepts of inheritance - pre MendelianAncient Greeks (500 BC): heritable continuityAnaxagoras: the male is the main info carrier - Anaxagoras postulated that info is going from one individual for another but said that female was just a vessel for producing individual can make a lot of arguments just on basis of observation that might go against this - physical characteristics resembling mother for example Hippocrates: the concept of pan genesis - he postulated that essentially heritable info was being acquired from all body organs and being transmitted b/w males and females to next generation Although these concepts are flawed, a continuity of into transfer was postulated - heritability“Nothing from nothing ever yet was born” - Lucretius - 50 BC This wasn’t completely accepted - Spontaneous generation: life can arise spontaneously from decaying matter - ppl argued that lifedidn't have to arise from man and woman - they saw meat going out of date - maggots spontaneously arise from decaying meat - happening before their eyes - seeing is believing one of the first controlled experiments by F. Redi (1668) he countered this proposal ^^Do an experiment - piece of meat, leave it in open containeranother piece of meat covered, prevents flies from coming in and laying eggson the basis of this experiment he saw that this event of maggots arising was coming from the flies laying eggs and not spontaneous life J. Needham (1745) - countered Redi’s argument - he took a container of nutrient broth - boil it - leave open to cool - cover it up - could see microorganisms developing in nutrient brothL. Spallanzani (1767) repeated Needham’s experiment - more carefully - boiled broth longer to kill any organisms - and nothing aroseL. Pasteur - performed a controlled experiment to counter needhams argument - container - leaves it open to environment by means of swan flask - boiled and sterilized nutrient medium - had something to collect microorganisms before they entered broth to prove that broth doesn't spontaneously give rise to lifeWasn’t until 1861 that spontaneous generation was disprovedPreformationism: the concept that a tiny preformed organism was transmitted from generation togeneration Early Microscopy (1600s) Spermatists - little humans (Humunculi) present in human sperm little tiny people that just grow thru development in 1695Advances in microscope optics and in staining technologies - disproved SpermatistsCell theory - idea that we have cells that develop into organisms over time - came out of these advances in microscopyStudies in embryogenesis discovered that adult structures develop from more primitive structures


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OU BIOL 3333 - Ribosome

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