BIOL 3333: GENETICS EXAM 1
45 Cards in this Set
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Transcription
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DNA to RNA
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Translation
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mRNA to protein
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phenotype
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physical characteristics of cell
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allele
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different forms of a gene at a given genetic locus
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locus
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the specific site on a chromosome where a gene is located
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Gene
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provides information to its carriers, with respect to biological structure and function
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DNA
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primary molecule for storing genetic information
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Central Dogma
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main avenue for accessing information
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Anaxagoras
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Pre-Mendelian concept that the male is the main information carrier
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Hippocrates
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Pre-Mendelian concept of pangenesis
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Spontaneous generation
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life can arise spontaneously from decaying matter
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Preformationism
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the concept that a tiny, preformed organism was transmitted from generation to generation
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Spermatists
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little humans "humunculi" present in sperm
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Ovists
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preformed individuals present in eggs
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Epigenesis
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concept during late 18th-19th century; tissues and organs appear during development that are not originally present in the embryo
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Unit inheritance
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factors are discrete and particulate entities; not mixed or diluted during inheritance
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Principle of Segregation
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the paired factors segregate (separate) from each other in the formation of gametes
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Principle of Independent Assortment
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parental factors segregate at random; if 2 sets of factors are followed in the same cross, each gene pair segregates independently of the other
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genotype
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the actual gene complement of an individual, usually with regard to homozygosity or heterozygosity for a given gene pair
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August Weismann
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Studied early insect embryogenesis and showed that a population of cells arose early in development and gave rise to the gametes
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Germplasm Theory
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cells set aside early for formation of germ line - special cells give rise to next generation. Differ from somatic cells in division properties. Reductional division
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Autosome
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non-sec chromosome
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Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
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If one parent is affected, 1/2 of progeny will inherit trait and be affected
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Autosomal Dominant
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Achondroplasia: a form of short-limbed dwarfism
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Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
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Aa x Aa, 1/4 of progeny will be affected; trait appears to skip generations
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Wild-type allele
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most common allele in society
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Mitosis
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daughter cells retain diploid (2n) information content
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Meiosis
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gametes contain haploid (n) information content
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Oogenesis
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single meiotic division event which gives rise to a single oocyte
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Spermatogenesis
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single meiotic division event which gives rise to a single oocyte
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nondisjunction
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errors in meiosis
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karyotype
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chromosomal composition
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XO
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male fruitfly karyotype
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XXY
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female fruitfly karyotype
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Sex determining region (SRY)
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gene located on Y chromosome that is involved in programming male determination early in embryogenesis
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male phenotype, Klinefelter Syndrome
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XXY in humans
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female phenotype, Turner Syndrome
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XO phenotype in humans
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X-linked Recessive Inheritance
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X+Xh / X+Y is most common marriage that will show affected progeny. Half of males affected, half of females carriers.
X+X+ / XhY then all females will be carriers and all males will be normal
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X-linked Recessive Examples
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Hemophilia A
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X-linked Dominant Inheritance
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X+X+ / XDY is most common marriage. All females will be affected and all males will be norman
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X-linked Dominant Example
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hypophosphatemia
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Holandric inheritance
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y-linked inheritance, males pass on the trait to all males
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Sex-Limited Trait
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inherited as an autosomal dominant, but only one sex shows trait
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Sex-Influenced Inheritance
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phenotype is more pronounced in one sex relative to the other sex, ex: pattern baldness
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Chi Square Formula
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a statistical test to measure closeness of fit between observed and predicted data
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BIOL 3333: EXAM 4