118 Cards in this Set
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Why should we study communication?
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to understand processes involved in acts of communicating; to learn to metacommunicate and improve ability to deal with people.
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Metacommunication
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To communicate about communication.
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What is the importance of our definitions?
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For our purposes.
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Communication
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the proccess whereby humans collectively create and regulate social reality.
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Communicative Competence
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The ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate way.
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What are the five types of communicative competence?
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Message, Interpretive, role, self , goal
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Message Competence
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the ability to make choices that others can comprehend as well as respond to the messages of others.
Meets the goal of "Generate intelligible messages"
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Interpretive Competence
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The ability to label, organize and interpret the conditions surrounding an interaction.
Meets the goal of "assign meanings to the world around you"
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Role Competence
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The ability to take on social roles and to know what is appropriate behavior given those goals.
meets the goal of " take on social roles appropriately"
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Self Competence
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The ability to choose and present a desired self image.
meets the goal of "present a valued image to the world."
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Goal Competence
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the ability to set goals, anticipate probable consequences, and choose effective lines of action.
meets the goal of "set goals stragically"
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What is the relationship between the five competencies?
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They are not linear, which means they do not have a specific order but they do go hand in hand. you have to have all of them in order to be competent.
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How do we become competent communicators?
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We learn from parents/friends, the media also plays a big part. experiences.
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What are some implications of our definitions?
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Communication creates unique realities, it gives a lot of power.
we use communication as a tool and create a good or bad environment for youself.
Sometimes our creations controls us "perfection" "success"
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What are the three main issues with the definitions of communication
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Reception "Did the person receive the message?"
Intention "What was the persons intention when conveying the message"
Accurate Reception " Ok the person received the message, did they receive it correctly?"
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what are the 5 main things that you need to communicate well?
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understand what is going on around you and the interactions.
set goals strategically
take on social roles appropriately
present a valued image to the world ( present a side of you that people respect)
Generate Intelligible messages (Saying the right thing")
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What are the two levels of competence?
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Internal ( process) you know how to be personally effective. basically the process that goes on inside your head.
External (performative) the way you actually go through it. physically.
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Communication can function as what 5 types?
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Process
Uniquely Human
Creative
Collective
Regulatory
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Communication as Regulatory
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Communication is a tool
we use this tool to regulate our social world.
control and affect our communication with other people.
Get things done/ achieve goals.
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Communication as Collective
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we have to agree on language, symbols.
Ex. "you assume that a person knows english if they work at a supermarket in east lansing"
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Communication as Creative.
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The way our comunication differs from other animals.
Talk about things that do not exist.
Ex. Truth, hOnor, Justice, demon, luck etc. .
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Communication as Uniquely Human
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oTHER Animals can communicate but they are not on our level.
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Communication as a Process
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Constantly Changing
examples.
Culture
Technolofy
Roles in Life (Women today comapred to women in the past)
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Aproximeeting
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Due to the rise in cell/phones, people communicate easily they no longer make specific appointments.
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Process perspective
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An important step in improving your communication. becoming aware of what is going on when you communicate, and begining to recognize how the underlying processes involved in communication manifest themselves in everyday performance. focuses on form and content of communication.
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Implicit Knowledge
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knowledge that we don't stop to think about. we use unconciously to guide our behavior.
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Intrapersonal Communication
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Talking to yourself. (Thinking)
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Features of Intrapersonal Communication
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Disconnected and repetitive
Less logical than other forms.
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Interpersonal Communication
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Communication between 2 people.
Generally concerns face-to-face commmunication.
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what are the features of Interpersonal communication?
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Usually informal
you get a lot of feedback. both people give each other feedback
back in forth between talker and listener.
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Organizational Communication
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Communication in organizations, strong hierachy with special roles. Examples: Fraternities and chapter meeting ran by e-board.
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Small Group Communication
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3-12 people.
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Features of Small Group Communication.
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more formal and complex than interpersonal. communication continues even if the communication between 2 people is severed.
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what are the features of Face-to-face public communication
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little mutual interaction
formal style and presentation
clear organization and careful panning.(speech)
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Face-to-face public communication
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Single Speaker addresses large audience.
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Mediated Public Communication
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Communication through TV, radio, Print (Newspaper)
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what are the features of mediated public communication?
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Audience is widespread
no opportunity for immediate feedback
indirect.
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Computer mediated communication
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one person sending message through internet channel.
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what are the Features of computer- Mediated communication?
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shares features w/ interpersonal and mass media
audience might be close of widespread
one or many people
feddback immediate
indirect (passed through a mediated channel)
DOES NOT COUNT AS INTERPERSONAL.
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What are the changes from interpersonal to mass mediated?
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number of interactants.
Physical Proximity
Ability to deliver/receive feedback immediately
Formality of roles
Ability to adapt messages
Degree which communicative goals and purposes are planned and structured.
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Why should we study interpersonal communication?
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Improve Relationships
Lead to sucess
can improve mental and physical health.
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What are the approaches of interpersonal communication?
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Situational Approach
Developmental Approach
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What are the myths on interpersonal communication?
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It is common sense
it solves all problems.
It is always a good thing "bad side also exists"
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Developmental Approach of Interpersonal communication
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Defines interpersonal communication in terms of info available to communicators; using the three types of data.
it depends on how well the persons know each other
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Situational Approach of Interpersonal Communication
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Define interpersonal communication in terms of its external characteristics (Such as the number of people involved)
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What are the three types of data that developmental approach uses?
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Cultural Level: Information that is available to all members of a culture.
Sociological Level: knowing something about a socail group that someone belongs to, info available to a member of a certain group
Psychological Level: Personal/Individual information that is deeper than the …
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Constellations of Contradictory Forces
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we have needs that can be contradictory to the needs of others in our relationship. Dialectical Approach/Tensions: An approach to understanding interaction that focuses on uncovering the contradictory forces that pull interactants in opposite directions and looking at ways these forces a…
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Constellations of Behavior
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the way we define a relationship solely based on activities they do together.
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Cognitive Constructs
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How the relationship is in your mind and how you think and feel about each other ( It does include thoughts and feelings)
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Relational Prototype
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your idea about what ideal relationship looks like.
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Mini Cultures
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The own little culture that is unique to the relationship.
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Dyadic Communication
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Spontaneous Communication, basically interpersonal.
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Public and Private Realtionships
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in private relationships people are close and personal, over time they become more peronal and unique. who our partner is makes a huge difference.
in public relationships memebers are related in impersonal ways and very little change occurs over time.members are substutable in public …
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Characteristics of Healthy Relationships
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Shared vision of where the relationship is headed.
clear rules that have been agreed upon in order to make the relationship suceed.
shared work ethic
matacommunication is valued.
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Minimal Competence
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is the lowest form of competence.
people are inflexible and cant modify current roles, or take on new ones.
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Satisfactory Competence
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pEOPLE Are comfartable in familiar situations nut lack ability to work out problems in new or creative ways.
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Optimally Competence
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Optimally people know how to adapt and and when not to.
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the 2 types of Non-Verbal Communication
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Symbolic and spontaneous.
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Symbolic Communication
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the use of arbitrary symbols, socially defined and used to convey specific messages
- intentional use of nonverbal cues
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Spontaneous Communication
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Part of non-verbal Communication. senders non voluntary display of inner emotions and receivers direct sensory awareness
- nonverbal signs are external manifestations of our internal emotions
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The power of non-verbal communication
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more trusted than verbal forms of communication
- express more universal meaning
-continuous and natural
Hard to tell if someone is lying.
Trusted, emotionally powerful, universal meaning, more continous, clustered.
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what are the three functions of non-verbal comunication
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Expressing meaning, Modyfying verbal messages, regulating conversation
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Complementing
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The non-verbal elaboration of the verbal message
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Accenting
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non-verbals that focuses the attention on a specific word or phrase.
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repeating
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repeat verbal messages nonverbally to help the receiver process the message
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carries same message
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saying yes and nodding your head up and down
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Substituting
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avoiding verbal and using non verbal as a replacement.
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Contradicting
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when verbal and non verbal contradict.
when you say you are happy but youre frowning.
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Regulating
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Non verbals are in charge of the flow of the conversation.
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what are the 3 systmes of non-verbal communication?
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Visual, Auditory, Invisible
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Visual communication System. VCS
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pROXEMIC, kINESICS, Physical appearance, artifacts
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Auditory Communication System
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Vocalics
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Invisible Communication System
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Haptics, Chronemics, Olfacticts.
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Proxemic and territory
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environments and territories
produce emotional reactions along with 3 dimensions (arousal/nonarousal, dominance/submissiveness, pleasure/displeasure)
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territory: refers to the legal or assumed ownership of space
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types of territories
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Public: No one owns every one can use it.
interactional: created by and only used while in interaction
body: personal space
Home territory.
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kinesics
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the study of body movements, gestures and posture
- body movements deal with how we carry or hold our bodies in situations
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types of kinesics?
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Emblems
Illustrators
Affect displays
Regulators
Adaptors
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Emblems
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gestures that can easily be translated into verbal statements
- Jack give Matt two thumbs up
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iLLUSTRATORS
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illustrate, or paint pictures of what is being said
- accompany speech
- emphasizes words or phrases
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Affect Displays
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nonverbal cues that signal emotion
- posture and gesture cues that convey how a person is feeling
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Regulators
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nonverbals that help control the flow of communication
- primarily responsible for avoiding awkward communication
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Adaptors; 2 types
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self and object
-Self adaptor: manipulations of your own body through self-touch (chewing your nails, crossing arms)
- object adaptors: material objects used in the tension management process (smoking, chewing gum)
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Facial Expressions
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Universal Expressions, Cultural Display rules: certain facial expressions appropiate and varies by culture.
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Facial Blend
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mixture of traces of various emotions on the face
- since facial expressions are short lived, they seem to blend together making it difficult to tell what a persons facial expressions might be saying.
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Gaze, 3 types.
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expressive, regulating, monitoring
-Expressive: we express our emotions through our eyes
- regulative: used to regulate and monitor others reactions during communication
-monitoring: we use our eyes to monitor feedback
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Arifacts
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visually oriented, nonverbal codes
- physical appearance such as facial features and clothing
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Vocalics
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medium of the voice has characteristics of its own, apart from the content of what was said
-what is said is usually less important than how its said
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Vocal Qualities
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loudness, pitch, tempo
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Vocal Characteristics
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laughing, crying, yelling
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Vocal segragates
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stuttering and awkarward silence.
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Haptics
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nonverbal code of touch, extremely important
- most ambiguous due to the many types of touch (relationship, firmness, where you're touched, intentions)
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5 contexts of Haptics
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Professional/Function: Context of your/someones job
Social/Polite: among acquantance
FriendShip: High fives n shit
Intimate: Self-explanatory. Sexy time.
Adversarial:Shoving fighting
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Chronemics
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Use of time
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M-Time
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Monochromic- doing one thing at a time. break time into blocks and do one thing for each time block.
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P -Time
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Polychronic Time. mULTITASKING. BEING ON time / staying on scheduele is not as important.
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Olfactics
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Smells
the messages we attach to smells emitted from the body
- effects are not typically under conscious control
- we can be aware of the influences, but have little control
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Expectency Values Theory
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violation valence and reward value of the other person
-high reward of the other person means positive valence
- low reward of the other person means low valence
predictions based on violation valence and communicator reward valence
Outcomes are Compensation and Reciprocation
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Compensation
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distancing yourselve one way or another.
you move your seat to get away from some one.
(outcome) EVT
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reciprocation
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we react in kind to a change that has occurred
- moving closer to someone you like
(outcome)evt
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Violation valence
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our perception of the positive or negative value of the violating behavior
-changes in reward value change level of violation valence
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Nonperson
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occasionally the personal space are violated becasuse one of the parties is viewed as as a mere object, waiters, servants and people in crowded elavators.
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Equivocal COmmunication
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using messages that are uncertain, or open to more than one interpretation.
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Looking vs. seeing.
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Looking refers to gazing in the direction of the others eyes, seeing is defined as visual contact with the whole person.
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what does rutter argue?
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rutter argues that seeing is more important than looking when regulating conversation and feedback.
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Properties of Language
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can convey ideas with no nonverbal counterpart, its symbolic, consists of discreet, separable units. it allows us to be creative, self reflexive and evolves (using language to talk about language) and its cultuarally bound.
No one language is more effective
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Functions of language
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Express emotions, regulate conversation, establish/maintain identity, give/get info, metacommunicate.
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three levels of meaning of language
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semantic
syntactic
pragmatic
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semantic meaning of language
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meaning at the level of the word.
denotive (dictionary meaning)
connotive meaning ( your own personal meaning)
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syntactic meaning of language
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meaning at the level of the sentance
mary love claude vs claude loves mary
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pragmatic meaning
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language is actually used in interaction. so speech.
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CMM
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Coordinated Management of Meaning: This theory helps us understanf what speech acts mean.
what is your point with what you say?
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Speech Acts?
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Episodes ( situation/environment)
Relationships (How close/ the type of relationship)
Life-Script Who the person is talking to
Cultural pattern Context in cultures.
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Communicaton Accommodation Theory
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Normal to change behavior during conversation
What to adapt: Speech rate, clarity of language, balance of turn taking (dont dominate the convo.)
Do not adapt : word choice, dialect.
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what are the four principles of cooperitative communications?
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be brief ( say what you need to)
be honest
be relevant (stay on topic)
be clear (understandable language)
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diference between sex and gender
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biological:sex: a man or woman
gender psychological: masculine vs femine traits we decide to express.
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sex and discourse research
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Early: Role of talk in building relationships differs in men/women/ women just talk, dudes talk and do shit. men interrupt and discourage convo more. women yield more.
Recent: dif. due to sex are small, present early in relationships but do not persist. gender usually explains more tha…
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qualifier
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somewhat, maybe, kind of
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disclaimer
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i may be wrong but
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tag ending
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ok ? right?
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COM 225: EXAM 1