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COM 225: EXAM 1

Why should we study communication?
to understand processes involved in acts of communicating; to learn to metacommunicate and improve ability to deal with people.
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Metacommunication
To communicate about communication.
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What is the importance of our definitions?
For our purposes.
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Communication
the proccess whereby humans collectively create and regulate social reality.
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Communicative Competence
The ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate way.
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What are the five types of communicative competence?
Message, Interpretive, role, self , goal
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Message Competence
the ability to make choices that others can comprehend as well as respond to the messages of others. Meets the goal of "Generate intelligible messages"
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Interpretive Competence
The ability to label, organize and interpret the conditions surrounding an interaction. Meets the goal of "assign meanings to the world around you"
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Role Competence
The ability to take on social roles and to know what is appropriate behavior given those goals. meets the goal of " take on social roles appropriately"
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Self Competence
The ability to choose and present a desired self image. meets the goal of "present a valued image to the world."
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Goal Competence
the ability to set goals, anticipate probable consequences, and choose effective lines of action. meets the goal of "set goals stragically"
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What is the relationship between the five competencies?
They are not linear, which means they do not have a specific order but they do go hand in hand. you have to have all of them in order to be competent.
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How do we become competent communicators?
We learn from parents/friends, the media also plays a big part. experiences.
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What are some implications of our definitions?
Communication creates unique realities, it gives a lot of power. we use communication as a tool and create a good or bad environment for youself. Sometimes our creations controls us "perfection" "success"
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What are the three main issues with the definitions of communication
Reception "Did the person receive the message?" Intention "What was the persons intention when conveying the message" Accurate Reception " Ok the person received the message, did they receive it correctly?"
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what are the 5 main things that you need to communicate well?
understand what is going on around you and the interactions. set goals strategically take on social roles appropriately present a valued image to the world ( present a side of you that people respect) Generate Intelligible messages (Saying the right thing")
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What are the two levels of competence?
Internal ( process) you know how to be personally effective. basically the process that goes on inside your head. External (performative) the way you actually go through it. physically.
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Communication can function as what 5 types?
Process Uniquely Human Creative Collective Regulatory
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Communication as Regulatory
Communication is a tool we use this tool to regulate our social world. control and affect our communication with other people. Get things done/ achieve goals.
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Communication as Collective
we have to agree on language, symbols. Ex. "you assume that a person knows english if they work at a supermarket in east lansing"
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Communication as Creative.
The way our comunication differs from other animals. Talk about things that do not exist. Ex. Truth, hOnor, Justice, demon, luck etc. .
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Communication as Uniquely Human
oTHER Animals can communicate but they are not on our level.
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Communication as a Process
Constantly Changing examples. Culture Technolofy Roles in Life (Women today comapred to women in the past)
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Aproximeeting
Due to the rise in cell/phones, people communicate easily they no longer make specific appointments.
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Process perspective
An important step in improving your communication. becoming aware of what is going on when you communicate, and begining to recognize how the underlying processes involved in communication manifest themselves in everyday performance. focuses on form and content of communication.
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Implicit Knowledge
knowledge that we don't stop to think about. we use unconciously to guide our behavior.
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Intrapersonal Communication
Talking to yourself. (Thinking)
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Features of Intrapersonal Communication
Disconnected and repetitive Less logical than other forms.
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Interpersonal Communication
Communication between 2 people. Generally concerns face-to-face commmunication.
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what are the features of Interpersonal communication?
Usually informal you get a lot of feedback. both people give each other feedback back in forth between talker and listener.
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Organizational Communication
Communication in organizations, strong hierachy with special roles. Examples: Fraternities and chapter meeting ran by e-board.
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Small Group Communication
3-12 people.
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Features of Small Group Communication.
more formal and complex than interpersonal. communication continues even if the communication between 2 people is severed.
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what are the features of Face-to-face public communication
little mutual interaction formal style and presentation clear organization and careful panning.(speech)
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Face-to-face public communication
Single Speaker addresses large audience.
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Mediated Public Communication
Communication through TV, radio, Print (Newspaper)
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what are the features of mediated public communication?
Audience is widespread no opportunity for immediate feedback indirect.
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Computer mediated communication
one person sending message through internet channel.
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what are the Features of computer- Mediated communication?
shares features w/ interpersonal and mass media audience might be close of widespread one or many people feddback immediate indirect (passed through a mediated channel) DOES NOT COUNT AS INTERPERSONAL.
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What are the changes from interpersonal to mass mediated?
number of interactants. Physical Proximity Ability to deliver/receive feedback immediately Formality of roles Ability to adapt messages Degree which communicative goals and purposes are planned and structured.
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Why should we study interpersonal communication?
Improve Relationships Lead to sucess can improve mental and physical health.
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What are the approaches of interpersonal communication?
Situational Approach Developmental Approach
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What are the myths on interpersonal communication?
It is common sense it solves all problems. It is always a good thing "bad side also exists"
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Developmental Approach of Interpersonal communication
Defines interpersonal communication in terms of info available to communicators; using the three types of data. it depends on how well the persons know each other
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Situational Approach of Interpersonal Communication
Define interpersonal communication in terms of its external characteristics (Such as the number of people involved)
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What are the three types of data that developmental approach uses?
Cultural Level: Information that is available to all members of a culture. Sociological Level: knowing something about a socail group that someone belongs to, info available to a member of a certain group Psychological Level: Personal/Individual information that is deeper than the sociological and cultural levels.
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Constellations of Contradictory Forces
we have needs that can be contradictory to the needs of others in our relationship. Dialectical Approach/Tensions: An approach to understanding interaction that focuses on uncovering the contradictory forces that pull interactants in opposite directions and looking at ways these forces are sesolved Ex. going out once in a while.
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Constellations of Behavior
the way we define a relationship solely based on activities they do together.
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Cognitive Constructs
How the relationship is in your mind and how you think and feel about each other ( It does include thoughts and feelings)
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Relational Prototype
your idea about what ideal relationship looks like.
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Mini Cultures
The own little culture that is unique to the relationship.
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Dyadic Communication
Spontaneous Communication, basically interpersonal.
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Public and Private Realtionships
in private relationships people are close and personal, over time they become more peronal and unique. who our partner is makes a huge difference. in public relationships memebers are related in impersonal ways and very little change occurs over time.members are substutable in public relationships.
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Characteristics of Healthy Relationships
Shared vision of where the relationship is headed. clear rules that have been agreed upon in order to make the relationship suceed. shared work ethic matacommunication is valued.
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Minimal Competence
is the lowest form of competence. people are inflexible and cant modify current roles, or take on new ones.
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Satisfactory Competence
pEOPLE Are comfartable in familiar situations nut lack ability to work out problems in new or creative ways.
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Optimally Competence
Optimally people know how to adapt and and when not to.
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the 2 types of Non-Verbal Communication
Symbolic and spontaneous.
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Symbolic Communication
the use of arbitrary symbols, socially defined and used to convey specific messages - intentional use of nonverbal cues
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Spontaneous Communication
Part of non-verbal Communication. senders non voluntary display of inner emotions and receivers direct sensory awareness - nonverbal signs are external manifestations of our internal emotions
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The power of non-verbal communication
more trusted than verbal forms of communication - express more universal meaning -continuous and natural Hard to tell if someone is lying. Trusted, emotionally powerful, universal meaning, more continous, clustered.
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what are the three functions of non-verbal comunication
Expressing meaning, Modyfying verbal messages, regulating conversation
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Complementing
The non-verbal elaboration of the verbal message
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Accenting
non-verbals that focuses the attention on a specific word or phrase.
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repeating
repeat verbal messages nonverbally to help the receiver process the message - carries same message - saying yes and nodding your head up and down
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Substituting
avoiding verbal and using non verbal as a replacement.
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Contradicting
when verbal and non verbal contradict. when you say you are happy but youre frowning.
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Regulating
Non verbals are in charge of the flow of the conversation.
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what are the 3 systmes of non-verbal communication?
Visual, Auditory, Invisible
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Visual communication System. VCS
pROXEMIC, kINESICS, Physical appearance, artifacts
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Auditory Communication System
Vocalics
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Invisible Communication System
Haptics, Chronemics, Olfacticts.
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Proxemic and territory
environments and territories produce emotional reactions along with 3 dimensions (arousal/nonarousal, dominance/submissiveness, pleasure/displeasure) - territory: refers to the legal or assumed ownership of space
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types of territories
Public: No one owns every one can use it. interactional: created by and only used while in interaction body: personal space Home territory.
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kinesics
the study of body movements, gestures and posture - body movements deal with how we carry or hold our bodies in situations
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types of kinesics?
Emblems Illustrators Affect displays Regulators Adaptors
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Emblems
gestures that can easily be translated into verbal statements - Jack give Matt two thumbs up
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iLLUSTRATORS
illustrate, or paint pictures of what is being said - accompany speech - emphasizes words or phrases
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Affect Displays
nonverbal cues that signal emotion - posture and gesture cues that convey how a person is feeling
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Regulators
nonverbals that help control the flow of communication - primarily responsible for avoiding awkward communication
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Adaptors; 2 types
self and object -Self adaptor: manipulations of your own body through self-touch (chewing your nails, crossing arms) - object adaptors: material objects used in the tension management process (smoking, chewing gum)
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Facial Expressions
Universal Expressions, Cultural Display rules: certain facial expressions appropiate and varies by culture.
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Facial Blend
mixture of traces of various emotions on the face - since facial expressions are short lived, they seem to blend together making it difficult to tell what a persons facial expressions might be saying.
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Gaze, 3 types.
expressive, regulating, monitoring -Expressive: we express our emotions through our eyes - regulative: used to regulate and monitor others reactions during communication -monitoring: we use our eyes to monitor feedback
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Arifacts
visually oriented, nonverbal codes - physical appearance such as facial features and clothing
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Vocalics
medium of the voice has characteristics of its own, apart from the content of what was said -what is said is usually less important than how its said
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Vocal Qualities
loudness, pitch, tempo
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Vocal Characteristics
laughing, crying, yelling
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Vocal segragates
stuttering and awkarward silence.
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Haptics
nonverbal code of touch, extremely important - most ambiguous due to the many types of touch (relationship, firmness, where you're touched, intentions)
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5 contexts of Haptics
Professional/Function: Context of your/someones job Social/Polite: among acquantance FriendShip: High fives n shit Intimate: Self-explanatory. Sexy time. Adversarial:Shoving fighting
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Chronemics
Use of time
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M-Time
Monochromic- doing one thing at a time. break time into blocks and do one thing for each time block.
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P -Time
Polychronic Time. mULTITASKING. BEING ON time / staying on scheduele is not as important.
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Olfactics
Smells the messages we attach to smells emitted from the body - effects are not typically under conscious control - we can be aware of the influences, but have little control
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Expectency Values Theory
violation valence and reward value of the other person -high reward of the other person means positive valence - low reward of the other person means low valence predictions based on violation valence and communicator reward valence Outcomes are Compensation and Reciprocation
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Compensation
distancing yourselve one way or another. you move your seat to get away from some one. (outcome) EVT
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reciprocation
we react in kind to a change that has occurred - moving closer to someone you like (outcome)evt
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Violation valence
our perception of the positive or negative value of the violating behavior -changes in reward value change level of violation valence
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Nonperson
occasionally the personal space are violated becasuse one of the parties is viewed as as a mere object, waiters, servants and people in crowded elavators.
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Equivocal COmmunication
using messages that are uncertain, or open to more than one interpretation.
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Looking vs. seeing.
Looking refers to gazing in the direction of the others eyes, seeing is defined as visual contact with the whole person.
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what does rutter argue?
rutter argues that seeing is more important than looking when regulating conversation and feedback.
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Properties of Language
can convey ideas with no nonverbal counterpart, its symbolic, consists of discreet, separable units. it allows us to be creative, self reflexive and evolves (using language to talk about language) and its cultuarally bound. No one language is more effective
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Functions of language
Express emotions, regulate conversation, establish/maintain identity, give/get info, metacommunicate.
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three levels of meaning of language
semantic syntactic pragmatic
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semantic meaning of language
meaning at the level of the word. denotive (dictionary meaning) connotive meaning ( your own personal meaning)
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syntactic meaning of language
meaning at the level of the sentance mary love claude vs claude loves mary
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pragmatic meaning
language is actually used in interaction. so speech.
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CMM
Coordinated Management of Meaning: This theory helps us understanf what speech acts mean. what is your point with what you say?
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Speech Acts?
Episodes ( situation/environment) Relationships (How close/ the type of relationship) Life-Script Who the person is talking to Cultural pattern Context in cultures.
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Communicaton Accommodation Theory
Normal to change behavior during conversation What to adapt: Speech rate, clarity of language, balance of turn taking (dont dominate the convo.) Do not adapt : word choice, dialect.
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what are the four principles of cooperitative communications?
be brief ( say what you need to) be honest be relevant (stay on topic) be clear (understandable language)
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diference between sex and gender
biological:sex: a man or woman gender psychological: masculine vs femine traits we decide to express.
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sex and discourse research
Early: Role of talk in building relationships differs in men/women/ women just talk, dudes talk and do shit. men interrupt and discourage convo more. women yield more. Recent: dif. due to sex are small, present early in relationships but do not persist. gender usually explains more than sex
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qualifier
somewhat, maybe, kind of
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disclaimer
i may be wrong but
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tag ending
ok ? right?
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