101 Cards in this Set
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What was the nature of the uncertainty in modern thought in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century?
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-Age of Anxiety
-Pessimism
-Uncertainty
-Fascination with irrational forces
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What new forms did art and music take during the age of anxiety?
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-Cubism
-Functionalism
-Abstract Art
Expressionist Music
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How did the movies and the radio affect society when they first appear?
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-New, standardized entertainment
-Allowed political leaders to reach masses
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-How did leaders deal with the political dimensions of uncertainty and try to re-establish real peace and prosperity between 1919 and 1939?
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-Moderate political leaders replaced WWI generation.
-Groped to create enduring peace, rebuild prewar prosperity
-Daws Plan
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Why did democratic leaders fail to effectively address problems created by the depression?
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Old liberal ideals of individual rights/responsibilities,elected govt', economic freedoms.
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logical empiricism
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A revolt against established certainties in philosophy that rejected most of the concerns of traditional philosophy, from the existence of God to the meaning of happiness, as nonsense and hot air. Mainly because the old can't be verified through science and mathematics.
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Existentialism
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Emphasizes the existence of a person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through the acts of the will.
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Neutron
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Particle with no charge that exists in the nucleus of most atoms
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Id
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The part of the self that demands immediate gratification.
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Ego
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The individuals conscious control that balances the demand of the id and superego
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Superego
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In psychoanalytic theory, the part of personality containing the moral standards of society as interpreted by the parents to the child.
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Stream-of-consciousness technique
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A literary technique found in works by Virginia Wolf, James Joyce, and others, that uses interior monologue- a character's thoughts or feelings as they occur- to explore the human psyche.
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Functioanlism
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View of society as a harmonious whole held together by socialization,mutual consent, and mutual consent,and mutual interests.
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The Dawes Plan
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Plan proposed by US VP Dawes to give $ to Germany who needed to pay reparations after the treaty of versailles. Germany gets on their feet, pays France, European countries begin buying supplies from the US again. Cycle continues until great depression.
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Mein Kamph
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Hitler's book (my struggle) which outlined the basic beliefs on Nazism and the action plan for Nazis
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The New Deal
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A series of laws passed and agencies created in an attempt to stimulate the economy create jobs, and pull the nation out of the depression.
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WPA
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Work Projects Administration
-Helped employ millions of unskilled workers to carry out public work projects
i.e. building roads and bridges...
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Popular Front
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A New Deal-inspired party in France led by Leon Blum that encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reform, complete with paid vacations and forty-hour work week.
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What was the nature of twentieth-century dictatorships and authoritarian rule?
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-Totalitarian
-Violent
-Dynamic
-Profoundly anti liberal
-Asserted total claim on citizens
-Demanded popular support
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How were the five year plans part of the totalitarian order in the Soviet Union?
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-Stalin's efforts for total control of Russian economy/society.
-"Revolution from above."
-Modernize/Industrialize USSR
-Create new socialist humanity
-Replaced private lands with collectivization
-Labor unions weakened
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How was Italian fascism a halfway house between conservative authoritarianism and modern totalitarianism?
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Mussolini created a one party dictatorship by;
-Abolishing press freedoms
-Disbanding independant trade unions
-Rigging elections
-Ruling by decree
-HE allowed the old conservative classes to retain control of economy, army, and state bureaucracy.
-Made Catholic Vatican a tiny indep…
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Why were Hitler and his Nazi regime initially so popular?
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-Drawing on anger/betrayal many felt bc of WWI loss, humiliating terms of Versailles peace treaty
-Convinced many woes were bc of Jews/Slavs/Marxist
-Promises of economic success
-Germany youth support
-Emphasized rapid change, national recovery, and personal advancement
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How did Hitler's actions lead to another world war?
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Their genocidal racism, and unlimited aggression
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Totalitarianism
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Of or relating to a system of government is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.
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Fascism
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20th century ideology often totalitarian that exalts the national collective united behind an absolute ruler
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NEP
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New Economic Policy
A policy instituted by Lenin, that allowed private ownership of land and business
Allowed for some form of capitalism to develop
Allowed peasants to sell surplus crops instead of turning them over to the government
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Collectivization
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Process beginning in the late 1920s by which Stalin forced the Russian peasants off their own land and onto huge collective farms run by the state; millions died in the process.
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Kulaks
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Better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin. They generally were not permitted to join the collective farms, and many of them starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for "re-education"
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Black Shirts
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(1923-1943)
A party of militants who had black shirt uniforms
under the leadership of Mussolini, extreme fascists
would destroy socialist related things
used violent tactics, including on citizens
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Lateran Agreement
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Agreement with the Catholic Church that reorganized the Vatican into an independent state and promised a great deal of financial support of the church from Mussolini. Pleased the pope and encouraged him to help gain support for Mussolini’s rule
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Nazism
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•Anti-intellectual movement, emphasizing the will of the charismatic dictator as the sole source of inspiration of a people and a nation
•A vision of annihilation of all enemies
•Stresses national, ethnic, and racial divisions
•Focuses on group control via nationalism, mass appeal, an…
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The Fuhrer
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*Hitler's title as leader of the Nazi Party & chancellor of Germany
*Hitler was propagandized as a "larger than life" hero or demagogue
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Enabling Act
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The act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.
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Blitzkrieg
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Lightning war; Germany's new military strategy during WWII. Made use of advances in military technology, like tanks and more powerful aircraft, to take the enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all opposition with overwhelming force.
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New Order
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Hitlers program based on racial imperialism. People were subject to harsh policies with goals of racial cleansing and to held with the war efforts for the Nazi war effort.
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The Holocaust
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The mass extermination of Jews by the Nazis.
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"Europe First"
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The military strategy, set forth by Churchill and adopted by Roosevelt, that called for the defeat of Hitler in Europe before the U.S. launched an all out strike against Japan in the Pacific.
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What were the Causes of the Cold War? (3)
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-Radically different political systems
-competing interests between the US and the USSR over Europe and the opposing economic systems
-Critical differences over the future of eastern Europe after WWII ended.
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How and why, despite the cold war, did western Europe recover so successfully from the ravages of war and Nazism?
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-Massive aid from Marshall Plan, quick jump-start
-Keynesian economic policies, encouraged increased govt' spending
-Hardwork/low pay
-Pent-up demand for consumer products, encouraged full-blown economic production
-Unification of western Europe into a single large market.
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Why did a reform movement eventually triumph in eastern Europe in 1989 and bring an end to the cold war?
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-Communist system in E. Europe/USSR tightened up in the Brezhnev years(1964-82)
-1980s public opposition to Soviet domination spread through Soviet-bloc countries
-1989 revolution/Free elections
-Restoration of civil liberties
-Institution of capitalist economies in E. Europe
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What cold war tradeoffs between anticommunism and anti colonialism did the U.S. make?
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-Supporting Britain/France in cold war
-Turned their back on Third World liberation movements, in supporting allies
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How was Japan able to recover so quickly after defeat in WWII?
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-U.S. guaranteed Japanese security
-social/economic reforms
-America poured billions of dollars into economy
-Japanese constitution abolished military
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What have been the consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism there and in E. Europe for Europe as a whole?
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-Europe no longer divided
-Free market capitalism
-Ordinary citizens experienced real hardships
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The Big Three
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Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin
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Truman Doctrine
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A federal policy set forth by Truman which stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. Considered the start of the Cold War.
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Marshall plan
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Foreign policy that offered economic aid to western European countries after WWII
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Common Market
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Area that allows member states (of EU) to freely move components of production such as capital and labor across borders
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Decolonization
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The postwar reversal of Europe's overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples, the declining power of European nations, and the freedoms promised by US and Soviet ideals
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Neocolonialism
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Not only direct political control, but also economic exploitation by multinational corporation
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OPEC
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, established in 1960 to coordinate policies on selling oil
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Stalinization
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When: 1928-1953
What: social process of adopting the policies and practices of Joseph Stalin-command economy-heavy industry-collectivized agriculture-"cleansing" and purges
Sig: Russia adopted this and then exported it
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Brezhnev Doctrine
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Asserted the right of the Soviet Union to intervene in domestic politics of communist countries.
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Perestroika
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The policy of economic and governmental reform instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union during the mid-1980s
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Glasnost
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The policies of greater freedoms from the soviet people that were put into effect in the late 1980's the Russian word for openness
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Solidarity
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The degree of integration or unity within a particular society; the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their group.
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Velvet Revolution
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The remarkably swift and almost entirely peaceful collapse of communism in eastern Europe.
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Paris Accord
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A general peace treaty that brought an end to WW2 and the cold war that followed; it called for a scaling down of all armed forces and the acceptance of all existing borders as legal and valid.
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Civil Rights Act
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Cannot discriminate based on race, age, gender, sexuality, creed, etc.
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Watergate
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Series of scandals that resulted in President Nixon's resignation in August 1973 amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election.
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Detente
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A policy designed in the late 1960's by US president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev to promote opportunities for US-Soviet cooperation, even while the broader rivalry persisted
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Japan, Inc.
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A nickname from the 1980's used to describe the intricate relationship of Japan's business world and government.
*3 pillers: producers, politicians, bureaucrats
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European Union
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An alliance of the major Western European nations that coordinates monetary, trade, immigration, and labor policies, making its members one economic unit.
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How was Latin America similar to, and different from, the other Third World nations?
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Similar in that they were being economically exploited by westerners. They differed in that they had gained their independence, where as the others were colonized.
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How did the defeat of Japan lead to East Asian resurgence after WWII.
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Long suppressed nationalist movements pushed for political independence across east Asia.
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How did Hindus and Muslims adjust to the end of British colonial rule?
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They refused to remain united as an independent India, and broke into two new countries; Bangladesh and Pakistan.
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What was the dual nature of nationalism in the Islamic heartland?
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Pan-Arabism, and deep devotion to Islam
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How did Kwame Nkrumah represent the new leaders of independent Africa?
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supporter of Pan Africanism
first president of the renamed Republic of Ghana
co-organized the Fifth Pan-African Congress
aim was to promote the well-being and unity of African peoples
technique of non-violent non-cooperation
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What are some of the common features of independent Africa since 1960?
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-Authoritarian, one-party rule.
-Opposition parties outlawed.
-Political opponents jailed, exiled, or killed.
-Overthrown by military juntas
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How do the writings of Chinua Achebe represent the common experiences of peoples in the emerging world?
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-In that they had their own cultures, philosophies, poetry, and dignity before European colonization.
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Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
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A movement launched by Mao Zedong that attempted to purge the Chinese Communist Party of time-serving bureaucrats and recapture the revolutionary fervor of his guerrilla struggle.
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Red Guards
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Radical cadres formed by young people who would attack anyone identified as an enemy of either the Communist Party or Chairman Mao.
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Tiananmen Square
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Massive student protest demanding reforms from the communist government. Students stood in front of tanks, hundreds of civillians died.
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Muslim League
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Led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah
sought to ensure political rights to minority religions
Proposed partition of India
Founded in 1906
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PLO
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The Palestine Libertion Organization--an organization dedicated to the establishment of an independent state for Palestinians in the Middle East
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NLF
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National Liberation Front, VietCong (South Vietnamese who fought on side of North Vietnamese) their political arm.
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Pan-Africanist
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Aimed to unite people of African Desent worldwide
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Cocoa holdups
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A mass protest by gold coast producers of cocoa. They refused to sell to the British, but instead sold directly to Europe and America.
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Native Land Act
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A 1913 South African law that limited black ownership of land to native reserves encompassing only one-seventh of the country.
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Apartheid
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A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government of South Africa between 1948 and 1993.
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African National Congress
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A political group that fought against apartheid in South Africa.
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Why Dictatorships?
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-One impacts of WWI on countries of the world was this sense that the current government classes (elite) had let everyone down.
-People said “how could they have done this?”
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Why Dictatorships?
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-Open up systems of government to all classes
-Tremendous loss of life
-One person would make a bunch of promises, such as;
*Better economy
*Order in the streets
*Include all classes, etc
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Lenin
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*People thought “why not give him a chance”
*Doesn't tell the people their role in the new government might be waving a banner with his face on it, or be arrested
*Yearning for the “strong man”
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Lenin as the leader, "Pragmatic Realist"
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*Suited him perfectly.
*Always had ultimate goal of a completely communist system.
*Never change; kept goal until death.
*Wasn't locked in to any one method to obtain this goal.
*If one thing didn't work, he would switch methods
*Even reintroduced some capitalism at one…
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Leninism
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*Lenin had an enormous ego, but didn't favor any kind of public workshop.
*Nothing named after him, no statues of him.
*Would give all the credit to his assistants, if their joint plans succeeded; if it failed he would take all the blame.
*Form of Marxism
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Lenin's Revolution-Three(3) Phases
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*Revolution movement brings full-scale change of society, economy, politics, etc
*“Moderate/Liberal” (1917-1918)
*Started by members of middle class.
*Not aimed at getting rid of existing system; people want to open system up for them, especially the middle class, since they'…
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“Radical Leftist” (1919-1921)
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*Masses decide if they won't give us what we want, we'll take it.
*Destroy everything and rebuild it to favor the lower classes.
*Upper classes had their chance
*Drastic movement, it's called the radical phase
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Civil War “War Communism”
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*Radical phase usually involved violence
*Looting and breaking shop windows, burning down manors
*Nothing gets done because there's so many people fighting
*In the course of the fighting, the face of the country is remade
*Some of the revolutionary members say “enough;” it…
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“Conservative” (1921-1928)
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*Don't go back on their changes, but get to rebuilding the country
*Seeds to farmers
Machines to workers
*Make the revolution stick with the new basis they constructed
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“New Economic Policy”
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*Returned some features with the old system they had demolished
*When people brought in crops they had to give a portion to the government. Could grow whatever crop they wanted as long as some was given for people in the cities
*Foreign businesses were welcomed back in
Ford a…
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Causes of WWI
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*Colonial rivalry-Natl' pride
*Supposed to be in Asia/Africa
*Economically-Rivalry
*Supply/Demand
*Keep other countries products out
*Nothing could go wrong
*Alliances
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Causes of WWI, Cont'
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*Wars justified military expenses
*Britain/Germany usually at odds
*Smaller countries wanted their own nation states (Czechs, Pols, Hungary, Slovs. etc.,)
*U.S. entry(1917) tipped scales to favor the entente
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"Triple Alliance"
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1. Germany
2. Hungary/Austria
3. Italy
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"Triple Entente"
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1. Britain/Japan
2. France
3. Russia
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Main Features of WWI, "Total War"
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*Trenches, mud, vermin, almost suicidal
*Prejudices
*Flatlands-Calvary
*Stalemate
*Technicians/Scientist work on breakthrough
*Workers that stayed behind to keep war effort moving-Enormous expenditures
*Led to tax increase, middle class
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Main Features of WWI, "Total War" Cont'
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*Civilian targeting
*Poison gas
*Disease spread intentionally
*Tanks, subs, planes, radar, sonar
*What will break moral of citizens that will press leaders to end war
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WWI "Peacemaking" 1918-1920
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*Ceasefire
*US/Britain claim victory
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Treaty of Versailles, Re:Europe
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*Germany not invited
*E. Europe, natl' self determination, "Nation Building"
*Entente, and Italy, want to decide whats to be taken
*Russia busy with their revolution
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Treaty of Versailles, Re:Europe, Cont'
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1. Germany loses territory, and resources
*Industrial land lost
*Reparations
2. No Germany army-Only reserves
3. No more defense/war industry
4. No air force/navy
*"War Guilt Clause" Germany blamed
*Austria/Hungary almost dissolved
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Treaty of Versailles, Re:World-Wide
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*"League of Nations"
*U.S., Germany, Russia NOT in it
*Japan later dismissed
*L.O.N. could send troops, and had sanctioning powers
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League of Nations "Mandate System"
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*Britain/France to look after countries in L.O.N.
*Overseers could import/export to the countries they oversaw
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WOH 1030: EXAM 1