GHIST 101 : EXAM 1
71 Cards in this Set
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GHIST 101
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Euphrates and Tigris
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First urban civilization of the world
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Sumerians
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One of the earliest texts of 18th century
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The Epic of Gilgamesh
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Lunar calendar
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divided the year by the movement of the moon
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Consequences of using pictography
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time-consuming, misinterpretation, hard to describe abstract meanings
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Earliest law code
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Law of hammurabi
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Kingdoms of Egypt unified when and by who
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3100 BC by Narmer
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Sumerians vs. Egyptians relationship with gods
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Sumerians gods used no order, were very random and bullied the people. Egyptian gods understood order and justice.
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Out of Egypt's three kingdoms, which was the most successful?
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Old! (3100-2200 BC)
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What was the palermo stone used for?
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keeping records of each year, indicating important events (good and bad), not history writing just record keeping
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Where are Hebrews from?
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northern Mesopotamia
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Difference between hebrews and israelites
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Hebrews are anyone that speaks the language, Israelites are jewish
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who was the only surviving Hebrew tribe?
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Judahs
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Who is the God of Judaism?
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Yahweh (Jehovah)
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Judaism's "chosen people?"
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only israelites will be saved, all non-jews have no hope for saving
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What is today's Iraq?
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Babylon
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What is the phoenicians most important contribution?
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The alphabet system
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Who founded the Persian Empire and when?
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Mid 6th century by Cyrus the Great
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What is Zoroastrianism and who founded it?
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Iranian religion founded by Zoroaster that focuses on dualism, the relationship between good and evil
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Which civilization was the beginning of Indian history?
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The Aryans
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What is the British theory of the Aryan Invasion?
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Aryans moved to India and conquered local Indians, white people came to defeat and rule local Indian people, arguably Asian-Indians are Caucasian
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What/when was the second urbanization?
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1200-400 BC, transformation of local geography to urban civilization, new fields and irrigation systems
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what is the 3rd largest religion in the world?
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Hinduism
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what is dharma and vedic dharma?
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universal law; application of the law to Indian society
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what is the goal of practicing hinduism?
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finding connection to Brahman (ultimate reality)
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Two traditions of Hinduism
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Shruti, (that which is heard) Smriti (that which is to be remembered)
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Teachings of Hinduism
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Karma (future actions), Samsara (reincarnation), Moksha (release from cycle)
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What are the four noble truths?
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Life is suffering, suffering comes from attachment, to end suffering, end attachment, eightfold path
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what is the eightfold path?
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how to achieve goal with right.. views, intentions, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration
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How is Hinduism different than Buddhism?
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Pantheon (Hinduism has thousands of Deities), Buddhism does not believe in the caste system (anyone can be enlightened)
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Two major schools of Buddhism
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Theravada (SE Asia) and Mahayana (East Asia) Buddhisms
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Advantages of Mahayana Buddhism
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more attractive destinations, more practical approach, more accessible teachings
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Earliest dynasty in China?
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Xia Dynasty, (2200-1600 BC); debates over actual existence
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Last identified capital in Shang Dynasty?
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Anyang
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purpose of oracle bones?
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the way that kings communicated with gods, questions about policies or future events in-scripted on bones or shells
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Primary source document?
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a critical approach to think about evidence, with records contemporary to an event or time period.
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what was the first major European culture discovered?
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Minoans, (2500-1050 BC)
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What is the only case in European history where a society picked up a language then forgot it?
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Dark age --> Linear B (Greek)
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Greek political life circled around what small political unit?
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poleis
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what was the largest and most prosperous city-state?
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Sparta (8-3 BC)
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what is the function of the public assembly in Sparta?
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to make new laws and end war or start new war
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what were the rights of women like in sparta?
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enjoyed many rights and considered citizens; higher literacy rates than many other city-states, stayed with mothers, received education and could initiate divorce.
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what is the difference in democracy between Sparta and Athens?
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Sparta's assembly makes proposals and Athens council makes them, then the assembly gets the final decision.
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what is ostracism?
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every year the Athenian population gathers to vote on a person to be banished for ten years, has to leave
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what are some of the limitations of Athenian Democracy?
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There were no women participation and there is strict criteria for citizenship, only 6% of the population represented
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who wrote "The Histories" and why is it important?
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Herodotus; it is the most important source we have on ancient Egypt
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Herodotus; it is the most important source we have on ancient Egypt
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group of pre-Socrates scholars who said that Socrates was corrupting youth
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What is the argument of Plato's "eternal forms"?
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there is an abstract notion for different objects and we vaguely understand that concept, then as long as we can see one we can identify it.
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Allegory of the cave meaning
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people need to be enlightened to be exposed to the truth; what we observe in this world is only an illusion
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what was Marx's belief on salvation?
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we do not need to be saved by old man or spirit, we can save ourselves
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what did Aristotle say the universe is made up of?
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Earth, Water, Air, Fire, Aether: invisible material
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what is the birthplace of theatre?
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Greece
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what did Aeschylus bring to theatre?
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the introduction of a second actor
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what did Sophocles bring to theatre?
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the introduction of the use of 3rd person speaking
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what did Euripides bring to theatre?
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the introduction of stories of women's power and justice
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who fought in the Peloponnesian war and when was it?
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Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC
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what was the Thirty Tyrants ruling?
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by Sparta wanted to sell Athenians into slavery; abolished all elections and democratic institutions in Athens
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what does it mean "to cut the gordian knot?"
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to find a creative situation to a difficult problem
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what was the most prosperous city in ancient times?
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Alexandria, Egypt founded in 332 BC
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stoicism
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founded by zeno, what is to be is to be. live lives according to virtue
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epicureanism
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founded by Epicurus, we should be satisfied with this life because there is no afterlife and life is short
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difference between Greece and Rome
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Greece was famous for cultural achievements, Rome excellent in building
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purpose of censors in magistracy?
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categorized people into classes and promote public morality
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purpose of centuriate assembly
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elects all magistrates who exercised imperium
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purpose of tribal assembly
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elected magistrates who did not exercise imperium
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who fought in the Punic Wars?
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Rome vs. Carthage
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Gaius Marius
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first person who became consul in own family, had military reform
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Marcus Cicero
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greatest Latin writer who lived in this century
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who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire?
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Augustus Caesar
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what are the basic principles of roman law?
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precedent, equity, and interpretation
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what does the natural law state?
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all humans possess certain rights and duties
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GHIST 101 : EXAM 2