GHIST 101 : EXAM 2
137 Cards in this Set
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What is left-wing
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Liberal Democrats
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What is right-wing
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Conservative Republicans
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What is the best definition of a political party
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Political parties are organized attempts to control the government
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Who had the best definition of a political party
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E. E. Schnattschneider
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What are the three components of the political party according to John Bibby
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PIE-party and electorate
PIG-Government office holders and people that want to hold office
PO-people that work for the party
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What are the functions of a party
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Intermediaries between government and voters, aggregating societal interests, and compromising competing demands, recruiting leadership,nominating candidates,contesting elections, seeking to organize government
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What is the most important function undertaken by a political party
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Nominating the candidates
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What are the commonalities of the definitions of parties
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People working together toward a common goal in government
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What are some other intermediaries between government and voters
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Interest groups lobbyists and the media
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What does it mean to have a big tent
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There are many different interests talking coexist with each other
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What is an example of compromising competing demands
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Do you because many different groups do you think wouldn't agree did agree and became part of the same party
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Why is nominating candidates so important for political parties
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They get to decide who runs for president and who can ultimately be chosen for the President
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What is the binding nomination
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Once the candidate is chosen for the party and that person runs and will most likely win. If you lose your party you can't run anymore, well you shouldn't
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What is a united front
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Nominee is the face of the party
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How did political parties contest elections
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Get people that will root for them to go out and vote, phone calls, emails, mail, try to trick people that won't look for them not to go, give candidates a brand-name
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How did the framers try to limit parties from forming
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Separation of powers because it makes it hard for parties to coordinate. Federalism becausr to reach goals parties must coordinate on a local state and national level
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Why did parties
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Politicians need parties, they came about by themselves, and they solved three problems
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What were the three problems political party solved
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Ambition and elective office seeking, making decisions for the party and polity, collective action
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Did political parties solve the problem of ambition and elected office seeking
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Binding nominations because it unifies the party
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Political party solve the problem of making decisions for the party and polity
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Policy majorities, coalitions, expanding the legislator, and the calculus of voting
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What is the problem of cycling of coalitions
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It defeats the purpose of collections because it has coalitions forming in a cycle
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How do you avoid the cycling of coalitions
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You form a long coalition the majority will always win
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Why expand the legislator
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And stop stalemates and you need an odd number to stop stalemates
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What is the calculus of voting
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R=PB+D-C
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What do the letters of R=PB+D-C represent?
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R: The reward penalty for casting a vote
B: The benefit one gets from having their candidate when
D: The psychic benefit derived simply from the act of voting
C: The cost of voting
P: The probability that one vote will make a difference
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Would do parties do to increase voting
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False promises, meet voters, decrease the cost of voting, economy of scale
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What is the economy of scale
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Political party can do something once for multiple candidates at one time
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What is the collective action problem
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The irrational belief that one vote does not matter and is not worth the time or effort
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Why do we have third parties if we know they won't win
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The influence the majority parties issues and they get issues they care about to be heard
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Who is the first party system
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The Federalists versus the Jeffersonian Republicans.
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What was the era of good feelings
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Monroe killed the Federalist candidatein the presidential election there was no purchasing a conflict in one big party was formed but this didn't last long
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What was the second party system
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The Democrats versus the wigs. Andrew Jackson lab the Democrat party against John Quincy Adams. The Democrats are very straight oriented. The wigs promoted national economic development
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Who are the major issues of the second party system
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National overstate, the role of religion in moral issue, slavery, the spoil system
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Party identification developed and what era
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The second party system era
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What was the third-party system
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Republicans first Democrats, Lincoln one as a Republican
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The major issues in the third-party system era
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Slavery, war, reconstruction, then the Democratic dominance in the south
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What was the biggest issue in the third-party system
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Slavery it's sparked the Civil War and after the Civil War the Confederacy was not allowed to win any elections or even run
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what happened during Reconstruction
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Republicans made a compromise to let the Democrats regain the south it's a Republican candidate would win the presidency
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what did party machines do
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I don't doubt patronage and they were seen as very corrupt
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Who is the fourth party system
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Republicans first Democrats, the progressive movement was in this era
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What was the progressive movement
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Taking back power from the party machines and give it to the ordinary citizens
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What were the progressive reforms that helps weaken the political machines
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Secret ballot, civil service reform, primary election, direct election of Senators
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What was the fifth party system
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Democrats and Republicans again, I switched to democratic because of the dire economic situation
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What was established in the fifth party system to help with the economic situation
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...
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Why did the new deal coalition collapse
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Civil rights, Vietnam War, women's rights, abortion, gay rights. People couldn't hold together over these issues
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What is the sixth party system
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Democrats and Republicans again. Turned Republican because of the new deal collapse
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What is the modern party organizations
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Decentralized hierarchies, party organization centered around constituents, national committees, campaign committees, state and local parties
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What are the national committees
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The Democratic National Committee, and the Republican national committee. Series huge amounts of money and put a face to the candidate
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What do you campaign committees do
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How candidates win elections
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What do state and local parties do
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Do you do the dirty work like recruit candidates, register voters, get out the vote, call you, give rides to the polls, and make signs
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What do interest groups do
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Advocate for specific subjects, they get political endorsement to show support for candidates that support their cause
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What are PACs
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Political action committees that fund raise and donate arms of interest groups, they do need millions and millions of dollars to campaigns, individuals have taxes well. 4450 packs exist today and they donate over $350 million
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Interest groups created
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To fight/lobby for policies and rights for groups of individuals that have something in common
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What led to the rapid expansion of interest groups
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Mass media, rights movements, postwar prosperity
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How long have interest groups been around
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Before the Constitution was founded James Madison even talked about the miss factions but let them increase in number so they could cancel each other out
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What is the reason that interest groups have thrived
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For multiple points of access for them. All open to organize interest I can provide them something they want for something in return think of it as buying access not bribing
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What is the collective Actionist problem
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Many people will freeride on an issue if they can for instance if the group provides public goods that anyone can reap the benefits of
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What is a Pluralist
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Do you believe that government operates because of groups that are formed not people
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Your criticisms of the pluralist view
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Not everyone is equally likely to get what they want out of government for example my Nordie's such as women poor people poor children racial and ethnic groups
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What is another flaw of the pluralists
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The collective actionist problem
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Incentives of the Pluralist veiw
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Ability to fight for rights, magazine subscriptions, discounts and coupons, material incentives such as gifts to the person, and other incentives like fundraisers and like mindedness
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What is the purpose of an incentive
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Feeling of fighting for what you believe then and fighting for something, the satisfaction of fighting for rights that are important to you
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If over 90% of the country want people to have background checks and a waiting period to buy guns over the Internet and from gun shows and why have we not done it
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And intense my minority such as an interest group can defeat and unmotivated majority
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What is public opinion
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The opinions of the voters what people think about issues that matter in government and can impact and effect it
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What are public leaders try to do to public opinion
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Mold it so they can try and serve as agents to express that public opinion
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What is aggregate mean
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To add up the views on the nation on particular issues
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What is an attitude
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And organized and consistent manner of thinking feeling and reacting with regard to people groups social issues and more generally any event and ones environment
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Where do we get our attitudes
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Political socialization
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When else can help develop an attitude
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College personal experiences politician parents peers siblings teachers fellow group members
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How is party identification often passed
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Down from our generations
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How can the media influence our political information
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How can the media influence our political information Where we get majority of our information and they determine the kinds of information that we get
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People with more information tend to be
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More consistent in their views and not likely to change their opinions
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What are ideologies
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Set of believes that one has
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People that hold ideologies tend to be
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The most informed and political attitudes are reflection of their core ideas
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What are the liberal ideologies
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Equality, change, progressive, government programs to help people economically, environmentally conscious, interpret the Constitution, favorite minority rights, don't use force to solve problems
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What are the conservative ideology's
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Cautious, traditional, military involvement, less government involvement except and corporations, and for some moral norms
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The general knowledge of most Americans and politics are
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They know very little they don't vote often they don't know when elections are coming up I don't know where other countries on maps and they're very ignorant
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how is public opinion measured
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Scientific polls
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What is the difference between unscientific poll and scientific polls
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Unscientific bowls often are bias and wrong scientific pools are random poles with a margin of error in their statistical and take samples every week to create a margin
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What often influences how polls are answered
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Leading questions and social desirability
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Social desirability
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It appears that we have become more tolerant when somebody doesn't want to be seen anti-gay black atheist they say what people want to hear versus what they're really thinking
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What is the Bradley affect
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White said they vote for a black mayor because they didn't want to be seen as racist and then voted against him
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What is the principal agent problem of voting
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The voters are the principal and official are the agents
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Principal agent problem solved in voting
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Solved by elections we can book them out the future elections hold office holders to be accountable and people that want to run gives them an incentive to watch officials closely
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For elections to work they need to be
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Regular fare free and competitive
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How has voting expanded over the years
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In the beginning only white Protestant med owning land were allowed to vote. Then this was expanded to all white men being allowed to vote. Then Africans Americans were allowed to go by the 13th 14th and 15th amendments. Women were allowed to vote once The 19th amendment was ratified in 1…
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Why might we be going backwards in voting
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States don't have to have clear voting rules with the Justice Department anymore their voter ID laws and they can be seen as discriminate Naturi Democrats are also some Republicans are trying to make a heart for Democrats vote
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What are individual factors that affect voter turnout
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Income education age gender ethnic and racial minorities location stability and maturity church attendance home job and strong partisans
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Institutional factors that affect voting
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State local vendor registration and it's a political party cause you
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What is the difference in voter turnout in presidential and midterm elections
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Republicans tend to do better and midterm elections because they are white well-educated and wealthy voters
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What are the four dimensions of public opinion
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Economic issues, foreign-policy issues, racial issues, and moral/cultural issues
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What affects voting behavior
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Letters take the easy way out by getting their information from media campaign ads and peers, past performance and incumbency, issue positions/policy options, but her cues and shortcuts, party identification
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What is the most important factor and voter choice
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Party identification
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How do you independants usually
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Based on issues, voting patterns usually change a lot with independants
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Congressional elections are about what three things
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Candidates, messages, and money
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How is money used in elections
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People give away money to sway congress persons
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Why can't we stop private money and campaign
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Potential corruption, you want the choice of where your money will go, you don't want to be taxed, and money is speech
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What is the federal election campaign act
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It fixed contribution limits, matching funds, spending limits, so financing, and disclosure requirements
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What killed the FECA
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The Supreme Court ruled limiting spending unconstitutional people should be able to spend however much they want as long as it was documented
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What is soft money
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Honey that is used to not directly elect a candidate but can't raise an unlimited amount of fund for these general activities they end up going to the candidate anyway and directly
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What is hard money
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Money that is used to directly elect the candidate and it is limited
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What is the bipartisan campaign Reform Act
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The band soft money 527's were created and they could raise an unlimited amount of money as long as they were coordinating their funds with the candidate
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What is the citizens United case
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It eliminated all limits on what unions and corporations could give to candidates any group could form and they didn't have to say where they were getting their money it was very controversial and change the playing field and tilted government in favor of the wealthy
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What are the opposite effects of campaign spending
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Challenger spend more money because it's essential to win but incumbents don't need to spend any money there already well now they only spend what they have to
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economies of scale
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parties advertise everywhere
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Why parties formed
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hamilton - maintain ties with england, favored upper class, made fed party
Madison and jefferson - favored farmers, ties with france - jefferson democratic republican.
Adams won as federalist, then jefferson got support and took control
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Ralf Nator
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if he wasn't the third party gore would have gotten his votes and won
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1st party system
Economic and regional conflict Major parties
Federalists, Jeffersonian Republican
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- hamilton v madison/jefferson
-feds lost power for first time, monroe crushed (era of good feelings)
-intraparty conflicts
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2nd party system
Simmering tensions over slavery Major parties
Democrats, Whigs
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-ppl stopped voting, no majority, Adams (no party name) won in House, but jackson (den) had more pop votes and outraged people let to his win.
-opponents created whig party which made elections fun saving free riding issue bc more ppl voting
- parties split because catholic immigration…
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spoils system
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-reward jobs for people who support and help win
-caused corruption
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3rd party system
Slavery, then war, then Reconstruction, then Democratic dominance in the South Major parties
Republicans, Democrats
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- slavery main issue, anti slavery (republican under lincoln) economically weaker
- lincoln led south succession from union causing the civi war
- reconstruction of the south (now south is democratic)
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4TH PARTY
party machines
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politicians do favors for peoples votes
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progressive era
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(led to fourth) civil service system instead of spoil system, turned gov jobs into professional careers. can't be fired without cause
-secret/austrailian ballot, literacy test, reforms (separating state and gov)
result: turn out declined, tighter registration laws, fewer job favors, …
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4th party system
A brief realignment followed by Republican ascendancy followed by economic
disaster
Major parties: Republicans, Democrats
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disaster for democrats
populists against railroad states and gold standards
farmers take over democrats. reps had majority lost power in great depression, policies favored large corporation
repub/ hoover blamed for economic issues
roosevelt elected then new deal
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William jennings bryan
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Republican candidate William McKinley (a former Governor of Ohio) defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan (a former Representative from Nebraska, populist party ) in one of the most dramatic and complex races in American history.
realigning election that ended the old Third Party System…
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5th party system
New Deal Coalition Important independent candidates: Strom Thurmond, George Wallace
Religion conflict reached its peak. Al Smith catholic
-kkk anti jewish and catholic
-prohibition
-urban rural divide
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most people supported democrats
departed because dem are for AA
The Republicans began losing support after the Great Depression, giving rise to Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the activist New Deal.
Thurmond
Walace
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6th party system
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may have began when new deal ended
issues include civil rights women rights get rights vietnam abortion school payer race
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John Anderson, Ross Perot, and Ralph Nader
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...
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modern party organizations: national committees
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elects national party chair and ratifies states selections. (republican and democrats committee) national committee has at least 2 members from each state
controlled by elected politicians not party officials
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state committees
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oversee ommittes representing congressional and state legislative districts and counties
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campaign committees:
senate and house
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each under control of their respective party's congressional leaders.
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lobbying
number has crippled since 1960
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hire people to sway senators/ congress
give money to candidates
run ads (lobby public)
testify/ bring law suits (litigation)
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pacs
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organizations that specialize in campaign funds, all about money, not an interest group (funds them)
not always with interest groups sometimes doctors realtors beer companies
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super pac
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unlimited funds, not supposed to coordinate with a specific candidate
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pluralist system
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interests compete for favorable policies
fair system to protects peoples interests
balance between numbers and intensity
makes political gains
not everyone has the power to lobby
gives material incentives so people join interest groups
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interest v parties
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parties form majorities. Interest group are motivated intense minorities that can beat majorities
passion makes them powerful
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the numbers
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more than tripled between 1960 and the 1990's and doubled between 2000 and 2005
about 22k lobbyists and interest groups
private and state/city/congress lobbying
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the reasons
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social ferment initiated by the civil rights movement wanting social change. such as opposition to vietnam war, women/black/gay/disability rights
-environmental and consumer groups/ anti abortion and conservative christian/animal rights
-growing and more educated middle class
- surpl…
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the tactics (insider vs outsider)
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insider- personal access to government officials and work thorough mutually beneficial exchanges between lobbyists and politicians
-outsider- employed by interest groups so not require any personal contact with politicians and may take the form of implicit\ex or explicit threats, real p…
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some do both
Focus on the Family/Family Research Council
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...
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fed 10.
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factions were pursuing selfish aims contrary to the rights of others or to the public interest. a major threat to popular government
can't get rid of them
his solution was to divide authority among federal institutions so no fraction can dominate
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standard collective action problem
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most political interest groups pursue collective goods that all group members will enjoy whether or not they help to provide them. rational self interest could lead to universal free riding dooming the organization and the effort unless some way is found around this difficulty
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interest groups
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relationship between peoples interests and the government. principle agent relationship with all the familiar problems and challenges.
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litigation
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equally available to insiders and outsiders. redressing in court, challenging hostile laws. exercise constitutional rights.
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(PACS) political action committees
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outsiders and insiders use politics to influence elected officials. insiders electoral help, outsiders threaten electoral harm.
-expensive electoral campaigns. non wealthy candidates rely on pacs. (created by the FECA) must raise money for at east 50 people and give to 5 candidates. max …
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superpacs
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affluent voters have more say in politics. very corrupt
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policy gridlock
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hard to assemble winning coalitions. so many groups that can defend themselves. costs are stronger than benefits.
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GHIST 101 : EXAM 2