PSYC 315: Final Flaschards
92 Cards in this Set
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Most research is done by
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experiments
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self-awareness blossoms at age of
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two
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correlation does not equal
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causation
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attribution
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a causal explanation
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mental load
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increases the persuasive impact of peripheral cues in a persuasive message
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Two problems with contact hypothesis, which is one of them?
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contact is often negative
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which of the following conclusions is most accurate regarding research on violence in the mass media and aggression?
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it has shown that violent media can cause aggression
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according to the textbook, how universal is human aggression, and how universal are laws against it?
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people were aggressive everywhere, and virtually all known human societies have laws against aggression
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most human seek out social acceptance and are highly distressed by social rejection. how do they compare to non-human animals?
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non-human animals similarly seek out social acceptance and are highly distressed by social rejection
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suppose Daniel has just begun college. Which of his actions best exemplifies the need to belong?
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Goes to parties and social functions so that he can meet new friends, and perhaps a girlfriend
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Chris and David are both happily married, Chris looks around though when he's out. Does this mean that Chris' marriage is less likely to last than David's?
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Yes. the more time people spend looking at other prospects the more likely the relationship is doomed
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publicly acting in accord with a request, even if one privately disagrees is called
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compliance
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people tend to attribute their own behaviors to situational factors, but to attribute other's behaviors to dispositional factors. This is known as
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actor-observer effect
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Which of the following factors increases the persuasive impact of peripheral cues in a persuasive message
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mental load
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How is passion related to intimacy?
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Increase in intimacy leads to more passion
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attitudes
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favorable or unfavorable evaluation of someone or something
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attitudes may influence
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behavior
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LaPierre's travel study with the Chinese couple in the 1930s
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attitudes do not always predict behavior
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Attitudes predict behavior concerning
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-aspects of situation
-aspects of attitude
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aspects of attitude, regarding whether attitudes predict behavior, consist of
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strength, origin, and specificity of attitude
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explicit attitudes
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conscious, measured by self-report
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implicit attitudes
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not conscious, cannot be measured by self-report
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Aggression
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behavior that intends to hurt others
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Sub-categories of aggression
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-Anti-social v. pro-social
-Physical v. nonphysical
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Four methods of assessing aggression in the lab
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-observation
-shock-learning
-hot sauce
-noise-competition task
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Biological, Instinct Theory of Aggression
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Freud, unlearned and universal, urge to aggress builds over time and has to come out
-catharsis
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Biological, Evolution theory of aggression
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Aggression exists because it helped our ancestors survive and reproduce
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Biological, biochemistry theory of aggression
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testosterone
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Frustration-Aggression Theory
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goals are blocked or removed, increases aggression, displacement
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Social Learning Theory of Aggression
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imitation, bobo doll study (Bandura)
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Aggressive children tend to have physically
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punitive parents
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Child abuse does not guarantee that a child will
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grow up to be an abuser, but 30% do later abuse their own children
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Friends/ relationships influenced by where we
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live, work, sit in class
*functional distance is the key!*
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Westgate West Floor Plan
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residents who lived by stairwells were most popular
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mere exposure effect
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familiarity breeds liking
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limitations of mere exposure effect
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-liking at first exposure
-if you don't like it at first, you might not like it
-overexposure
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"Welcome Week" study (1966), only descriptor that mattered toward students wanting to see each other again
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attractiveness
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attractiveness stereotype
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what is beautiful is good
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good looking people do not have
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higher self-esteem, higher intelligence, or healthier personalities
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good looking people do have more
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friends, romantic opportunities, and active sex life
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White t-shirt study is an example of
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symmetry being considered attractive
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Symmetry is attractive because it is associated with
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good health; resistance to pathogens
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More 'revealing' and 'sexy' clothing is chosen for a social gathering by a
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woman at high fertility
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Standards of beauty vary
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across culture
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some things are attractive across cultures
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waist-hip ratio
signs of good health
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least coercive type of social influence
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conformity
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most coercive kind of social influence
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obedience
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three types of social influence
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conformity, compliance, obedience
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conformity
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change in behavior or belief as result of real or imagined group norms
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explicit norms of conformity
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fully expressed, written, easy to recognize
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implicit norms in conformity
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observable patterns of behavior exhibited by group members
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people conform out of -- and ---
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-desire to be accepted, correct
-to avoid rejection and isolation
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Solomon Asch's line judging experiments in the 1950s
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wanted to show that emphasis on conformity was overblown
-when alone, 99% correct
-in group, 76% conformed at least once
-most students did not conform most of the time
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increasing group size up to 4 or so
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increases conformity
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presence of just 1 dissenter
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reduces conformity
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Normative Social Influence is especially likely when
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group is unanimous, group members are admired/attractive, group is large
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Informational Social Influence
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people conform out of a desire to be correct
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Often what seems like individuality is just conformity
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to fringe groups
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optimal distinctiveness is a compromise
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between extreme conformity and extreme uniqueness
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Cialdini's 6 Principles of Compliance
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-Friendship
-Reciprocity Rule
-Scarcity Principle
-Social Validation
-Authority
-Consistency
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Bystander Effect
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less likely to help as #s increase
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Diffusion of responsibility in an emergency
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more people around, less anyone of them feels responsible
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We help those we like, this is based on
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similarity and attractiveness
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Good Samaritan Study
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their time strain affected if they stopped or not
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Increase helping by
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-reduce ambiguity
-induce guilt
-learning about helping
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Prosocial behavior
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any action intended to benefit another (regardless of motive)
ex: large tip to impress date
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Pure Altruism behavior
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Benefits another intentionally for no external or internal reward
-ex: saving a stranger from the jaws of a crocodile
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Women desire men with slightly above average IQs for
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a single date
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Women desire more IQ as
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commitment increases
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Men also desire a partner with an above average IQ for a
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single date
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Men's IQ criteria is considerably lower for
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sexual partners and one-night stands
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women become more selective as
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intensity of commitment and probability of pregnancy increases
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men become more selective as ----, but
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intensity of commitment increases, less selective for "low investment" mating
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Men and women differ in their
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Men and women differ in their
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Men and women have similar criteria
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for long-term partners
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Sternberg's Triangle Theory of Love
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passion, intimacy, commitment
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passion
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attraction, desire, pure emotion, hot
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intimacy
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closeness, bonding, emotional investment, 'warm'
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commitment
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conscious decision, short v. long term, cool
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intimacy is an example of ___ love
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companionate love
-mutual love or liking, intertwined lives
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women disclose in --- more
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women
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men disclose in --- more
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women
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commitment
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want to commit, ought to commit, have to commit
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intimacy is a result of
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disclosure
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as disclosure fades, novelty is lost so
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passion subsides
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passion equates to changes in
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intimacy over time
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personality pitfalls
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-low self-esteem --> distrust
-narcissism
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women tend to be more concerned than men about
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intimacy and friendship
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men are more concerned about
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playful and physical aspects
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men tend to fall in love
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more readily
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men also fall out of love
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more slowly
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Stanley Milgram's obedience study found that
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65% shocked to the end, even those that protested
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PSYC 315: EXAM 1