47 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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agression
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Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
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hostile aggression
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aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself
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instrumental aggression
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aggression that is a means to some other end
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instinctive behavior
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an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
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frustration-aggression theory
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the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress
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frustration
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the blocking of goal-directed behavior
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displacement
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the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target
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relative deprivation
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the perception that one is less well-off than others with whom one compares oneself
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social learning theory
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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished
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catharsis
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emotional release. the catharsis view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression
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prosocial behavior
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positive, constructive, helpful social behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior
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social scripts
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culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations
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prejudice
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a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
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stereotype
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a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information
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discrimination
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unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
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racism
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1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given RACE
2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given RACE
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sexism
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1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given SEX
2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given SEX
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social dominance orientation
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a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups
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ethnocentric
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believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups
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authoritarian personality
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a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status
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realistic group conflict theory
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the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
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social identity
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the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
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ingroup
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"Us"--a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity
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outgroup
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"Them"--a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup
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ingroup bias
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the tendency to favor one's own group
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terror management
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according to "terror management theory" people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their morality
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outgroup homogeneity effect
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perception of outgroup members are more similar to one another than are ingroup members. thus "they are alike; we are diverse."
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own-race bias
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the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race. (Also called the cross-race effect)
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stigma consciousness
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a person's expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination
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group-serving bias
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explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group)
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just-world phenomenon
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the tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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subtyping
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accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as "exceptions to the rule"
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suubgrouping
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accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group
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stereotype threat
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a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects
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conflict
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a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals
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peace
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a condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial relationships
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social trap
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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. Examples include the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons
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Tragedy of the Commons
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The "commons" is any shared resource, including air, water, energy sources, and food supplies. The tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse--the tragedy--of the commons
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non-zero-sum games
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Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose.
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mirror-image perceptions
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reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive
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equal-status contact
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Contact on an equal basis. Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status. Thus, to reduce prejudice, interracial contact should be between persons equal in status.
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superordinate goal
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a shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people's differences from one another
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bargaining
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seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties
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mediation
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an attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions
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arbitration
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resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement
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integrative agreements
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win-win agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit
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GRIT
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Acronym for "graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction"--a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions
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