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agression
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
hostile aggression
aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself
instrumental aggression
aggression that is a means to some other end
instinctive behavior
an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
frustration-aggression theory
the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress
frustration
the blocking of goal-directed behavior
displacement
the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target
relative deprivation
the perception that one is less well-off than others with whom one compares oneself
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished
catharsis
emotional release. the catharsis view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful social behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior
social scripts
culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations
prejudice
a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
stereotype
a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information
discrimination
unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
racism
1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given RACE 2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given RACE
sexism
1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given SEX 2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given SEX
social dominance orientation
a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups
ethnocentric
believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups
authoritarian personality
a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status
realistic group conflict theory
the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
social identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
ingroup
"Us"--a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity
outgroup
"Them"--a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor one's own group
terror management
according to "terror management theory" people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their morality
outgroup homogeneity effect
perception of outgroup members are more similar to one another than are ingroup members. thus "they are alike; we are diverse."
own-race bias
the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race. (Also called the cross-race effect)
stigma consciousness
a person's expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination
group-serving bias
explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group)
just-world phenomenon
the tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
subtyping
accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as "exceptions to the rule"
suubgrouping
accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group
stereotype threat
a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals
peace
a condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial relationships
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. Examples include the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons
Tragedy of the Commons
The "commons" is any shared resource, including air, water, energy sources, and food supplies. The tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse--the tragedy--of the commons
non-zero-sum games
Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose.
mirror-image perceptions
reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive
equal-status contact
Contact on an equal basis. Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status. Thus, to reduce prejudice, interracial contact should be between persons equal in status.
superordinate goal
a shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people's differences from one another
bargaining
seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties
mediation
an attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions
arbitration
resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement
integrative agreements
win-win agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit
GRIT
Acronym for "graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction"--a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions

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