Lecture 13 Outline of Previous Lecture I. Criteria for Good TheoryII.Outline of Current LectureIII. Self-fulfilling Propheciesa. Definitionb. Telephone Studyc. Interview StudyIV. Stereotype Threata. Definitionb. Race & Academic Performancec. Gender & Math Performanced. Race & Sports Performancee. Positive Stereotypesf. Consequences of Stereotype Threatg. Overcoming Stereotype ThreatV. Stigmaa. Double-Consciousnessb. GoffmanCurrent LectureIII. Self-fulfilling Prophecies (Ch. 11, Part 1- slide 24)a. Person A has expectations of Person B  A’s expectations influence how A acts towards B  B behaves consistently with A’s original expectationsb. Telephone Study (slide 25-26)i. Studied stereotype that attractive people are perceived as more competent/friendlyii. Male “perceiver” is given either an attractive or unattractive photo of female participantiii. Male rates female based off picture and then again after phone convo (final impression)iv. Independent judges rated behavior of female participantv. Results:1. Male treated attractive women friendlier and acted more interested2. Both male perceiver/judges rated attractive women as more competent/friendly3. Unattractive women treated more awkwardly  they acted awkwardlyc. Interview Study (Ch. 11, Part 1- slide 27-28)i. Study 11. White participants interviewed white/black men2. Independent judges rated the black/white male applicants3. Resultsa. White participants treated black applicants more standoffish/cold and awkwardly, and ended interview sooner than with the white applicantsb. Acted friendlier and sat closer to white applicants PSYC 330 1st Editionc. Independent judges rated blacks as less competent overallii. Study 21. Results- the people that were treated well were rated more competentIV. Stereotype Threat (Ch. 11, part 2 – slide 3)a. Definition: threat of being viewed through lens of a negative stereotype, or fear of confirming iti. Paradox: anxiety to disprove negative stereotype usually results in person confirming itii. People know their stereotypes and are motivated to disprove themiii. End up confirming the negative stereotype because their attention is split, which impairstheir cognitive resourcesb. Race & Academic Performance (slide 4)i. Stereotype: blacks do worse on tests that are diagnostic of intellectual abilityii. Steele & Aronson- study results1. Huge decrease in blacks performance when told the test measures “diagnostic intelligence”2. If not told anything before tests, no significant difference between blacks/whitesiii. Stereotype activation: reminding person of negative stereotype against them1. Black/white students primed with race before test (demographics questionnaire)2. Results: when reminded of their race, blacks did worse on testc. Gender & Math Performance (slide 6)i. Men/women given a math testii. Results1. If told there are gender differences on the test, women performed worse2. If told no gender differences on test, men/women performed equally welld. Race & Sports Performance (slide 7)i. Black/white participants did a golf task1. If told the task was diagnostic of “sports intelligence”- whites performed better2. If told the task was diagnostic of “natural athletic ability”- blacks did bettere. Positive Stereotypes (slide 8)i. Stereotype: Asians are really good at mathii. Asian American women primed with their ethnic group/identity before math testiii. Results: They did better on math test when primed with ethnic abilityf. Consequences of Stereotype Threat (slide 9)i. Disidentification: individuals disengage their identity (dis-identify) from the domain in question  self-protective mechanism (from test 1)ii. Blank blue square (slide 10) = Stereotype threat1. Disidentification chart: Cultural stereotypes  Stereotype threat  (arrow up) Performance deficits  (arrow down) Disidentification with stereotyped domaing. Overcoming Stereotype Threat (slide 11)i. Entity vs. Incremental theories of intelligence1. Entity= fixed mindset (ex. “I’m bad at math”)2. Incremental= you can work hard and overcomeV. Stigma (slide 13)a. Double-Consciousness: two thoughts, two souls, two reconciled strivings in one bodyi. View self as an individual and view self as others see youii. Coined by WEB Du Boisb. Goffman (slide 14)i. Stigma: “the situation of the individual who is disqualified from full social acceptance”ii. Reduced to less of a person in your experiencesiii. 3 types1. Body2. Individual character (lifestyle)3. Race, nationality, and