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PSYC 315: Final Flaschards
Most research is done by |
experiments |
self-awareness blossoms at age of |
two |
correlation does not equal |
causation |
attribution |
a causal explanation |
mental load |
increases the persuasive impact of peripheral cues in a persuasive message |
Two problems with contact hypothesis, which is one of them? |
contact is often negative |
which of the following conclusions is most accurate regarding research on violence in the mass media and aggression? |
it has shown that violent media can cause aggression |
according to the textbook, how universal is human aggression, and how universal are laws against it? |
people were aggressive everywhere, and virtually all known human societies have laws against aggression |
most human seek out social acceptance and are highly distressed by social rejection. how do they compare to non-human animals? |
non-human animals similarly seek out social acceptance and are highly distressed by social rejection |
suppose Daniel has just begun college. Which of his actions best exemplifies the need to belong? |
Goes to parties and social functions so that he can meet new friends, and perhaps a girlfriend |
Chris and David are both happily married, Chris looks around though when he's out. Does this mean that Chris' marriage is less likely to last than David's? |
Yes. the more time people spend looking at other prospects the more likely the relationship is doomed |
publicly acting in accord with a request, even if one privately disagrees is called |
compliance |
people tend to attribute their own behaviors to situational factors, but to attribute other's behaviors to dispositional factors. This is known as |
actor-observer effect |
Which of the following factors increases the persuasive impact of peripheral cues in a persuasive message |
mental load |
How is passion related to intimacy? |
Increase in intimacy leads to more passion |
attitudes |
favorable or unfavorable evaluation of someone or something |
attitudes may influence |
behavior |
LaPierre's travel study with the Chinese couple in the 1930s |
attitudes do not always predict behavior |
Attitudes predict behavior concerning |
-aspects of situation
-aspects of attitude
|
aspects of attitude, regarding whether attitudes predict behavior, consist of |
strength, origin, and specificity of attitude |
explicit attitudes |
conscious, measured by self-report |
implicit attitudes |
not conscious, cannot be measured by self-report |
Aggression |
behavior that intends to hurt others |
Sub-categories of aggression |
-Anti-social v. pro-social
-Physical v. nonphysical |
Four methods of assessing aggression in the lab |
-observation
-shock-learning
-hot sauce
-noise-competition task |
Biological, Instinct Theory of Aggression |
Freud, unlearned and universal, urge to aggress builds over time and has to come out
-catharsis |
Biological, Evolution theory of aggression |
Aggression exists because it helped our ancestors survive and reproduce |
Biological, biochemistry theory of aggression |
testosterone |
Frustration-Aggression Theory |
goals are blocked or removed, increases aggression, displacement |
Social Learning Theory of Aggression |
imitation, bobo doll study (Bandura) |
Aggressive children tend to have physically |
punitive parents |
Child abuse does not guarantee that a child will |
grow up to be an abuser, but 30% do later abuse their own children |
Friends/ relationships influenced by where we |
live, work, sit in class
*functional distance is the key!* |
Westgate West Floor Plan |
residents who lived by stairwells were most popular |
mere exposure effect |
familiarity breeds liking |
limitations of mere exposure effect |
-liking at first exposure
-if you don't like it at first, you might not like it
-overexposure |
"Welcome Week" study (1966), only descriptor that mattered toward students wanting to see each other again |
attractiveness |
attractiveness stereotype |
what is beautiful is good |
good looking people do not have |
higher self-esteem, higher intelligence, or healthier personalities |
good looking people do have more |
friends, romantic opportunities, and active sex life |
White t-shirt study is an example of |
symmetry being considered attractive |
Symmetry is attractive because it is associated with |
good health; resistance to pathogens |
More 'revealing' and 'sexy' clothing is chosen for a social gathering by a |
woman at high fertility |
Standards of beauty vary |
across culture |
some things are attractive across cultures |
waist-hip ratio
signs of good health |
least coercive type of social influence |
conformity |
most coercive kind of social influence |
obedience |
three types of social influence |
conformity, compliance, obedience |
conformity |
change in behavior or belief as result of real or imagined group norms |
explicit norms of conformity |
fully expressed, written, easy to recognize |
implicit norms in conformity |
observable patterns of behavior exhibited by group members |
people conform out of -- and --- |
-desire to be accepted, correct
-to avoid rejection and isolation |
Solomon Asch's line judging experiments in the 1950s |
wanted to show that emphasis on conformity was overblown
-when alone, 99% correct
-in group, 76% conformed at least once
-most students did not conform most of the time |
increasing group size up to 4 or so |
increases conformity |
presence of just 1 dissenter |
reduces conformity |
Normative Social Influence is especially likely when |
group is unanimous, group members are admired/attractive, group is large |
Informational Social Influence |
people conform out of a desire to be correct |
Often what seems like individuality is just conformity |
to fringe groups |
optimal distinctiveness is a compromise |
between extreme conformity and extreme uniqueness |
Cialdini's 6 Principles of Compliance |
-Friendship
-Reciprocity Rule
-Scarcity Principle
-Social Validation
-Authority
-Consistency |
Bystander Effect |
less likely to help as #s increase |
Diffusion of responsibility in an emergency |
more people around, less anyone of them feels responsible |
We help those we like, this is based on |
similarity and attractiveness |
Good Samaritan Study |
their time strain affected if they stopped or not |
Increase helping by |
-reduce ambiguity
-induce guilt
-learning about helping |
Prosocial behavior |
any action intended to benefit another (regardless of motive)
ex: large tip to impress date |
Pure Altruism behavior |
Benefits another intentionally for no external or internal reward
-ex: saving a stranger from the jaws of a crocodile |
Women desire men with slightly above average IQs for |
a single date |
Women desire more IQ as |
commitment increases |
Men also desire a partner with an above average IQ for a |
single date |
Men's IQ criteria is considerably lower for |
sexual partners and one-night stands |
women become more selective as |
intensity of commitment and probability of pregnancy increases |
men become more selective as ----, but |
intensity of commitment increases, less selective for "low investment" mating |
Men and women differ in their |
Men and women differ in their |
Men and women have similar criteria |
for long-term partners |
Sternberg's Triangle Theory of Love |
passion, intimacy, commitment |
passion |
attraction, desire, pure emotion, hot |
intimacy |
closeness, bonding, emotional investment, 'warm' |
commitment |
conscious decision, short v. long term, cool |
intimacy is an example of ___ love |
companionate love
-mutual love or liking, intertwined lives |
women disclose in --- more |
women |
men disclose in --- more |
women |
commitment |
want to commit, ought to commit, have to commit |
intimacy is a result of |
disclosure |
as disclosure fades, novelty is lost so |
passion subsides |
passion equates to changes in |
intimacy over time |
personality pitfalls |
-low self-esteem --> distrust
-narcissism |
women tend to be more concerned than men about |
intimacy and friendship |
men are more concerned about |
playful and physical aspects |
men tend to fall in love |
more readily |
men also fall out of love |
more slowly |
Stanley Milgram's obedience study found that |
65% shocked to the end, even those that protested |