61 Cards in this Set
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Key Aspects of Science
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Hypothesis, theory, conjecture + refutation, individual vs population, replication, collective enterprise
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Hypothesis
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educated guess that is testable
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Theory
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explanation of some aspect of the natural world that has been substantiated through repeated experiments or testing
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Conjecture + refutation
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Hypothesis, test, conclusion
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Individual vs population
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Science focuses more on the population rather than the individual
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Replication
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Theories are built by forming hypothesis and testing them and repeating the process getting the same result
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A collective enterprise
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teamwork
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Evolution
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change in the properties of populations of individuals over time, foundation of biology
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Origin of Species Charles Darwin
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role of variation
problem of classification
struggle of existence
competition
reproduction
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Natural Selection
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Key mechanism in evolution, selection is done by nature, most advantageous trait gets passed to the next generation
variation in traits-> differential reproduction-> heredity-> natural selection
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Artificial selection
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Domestication, we select the traits that get passed down ex: dogs, sheep, cow
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Evolution: solid theory
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replication through
-fossil record
-radioactive clock
-branching (speciation)
-common descent
-homology
-embriology
-DNA
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Eugenics
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ideology that argued in favor of improving the genetic quality of humans
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Buck v Bell
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Supreme Court ruled that a state statute permitting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including mentally disabled "for the protection and health of the state"
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Eusociality
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Some individuals reduce their own lifetime reproductive potential to raise the offspring of others
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Advantages of eusociality
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-helps the group
-cooperative blood care
-overlapping generations w/in a colony of adults
-division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups
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Conditions of eusociality
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-group of individuals living together
-adults caring for young
-division between nonproductive and reproductive groups
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cooperative breeding
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a social system characterized by alloparental care: offspring receive care not only from their parents, but also from additional group members
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altruism
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self-sacrifice, helping for the sake of helping
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group selection
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idea that natural selection can work in groups
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sociobiology
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the study of biological basis of social behavior
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human culture
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a shared system of behavior and symbols that are transmitted from one generation to the next and serve a function w/in a group w/ a common history
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animal culture
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a shared system of behavior NO symbols that are transmitted from one generation to the next and serve a function w/in a group w/ a common history
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Human vs Animal culture
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similarities:
-culture is learned
-transmitted from one generation to the next
-use of tools of culture
w/in a community
-serves a purpose
differences:
-animals have behavioral culture
-humans have a rich, symbolic cultural in addition to behavior
-we learn symbols to transmit a…
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Social learning
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-learning from others
-influenced by observation of or interaction w/ others
-imitation
selection
community participation
-language
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cultural evolution
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change in the properties of culture among populations of individuals over time
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How does culture evolve?
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-Natural selection
-Niche construction
- Variation and cultural diversity
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Niche construction
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populations create their own environment
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Variation and cultural diversity
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fueled by migration out of africa
different environments, different cultural adaptations
study of language
sociopolitical change
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Why did APA create guidelines
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Population change and ethical reasons
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APA reasons for population change
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annexation after war
purchase of territory
invasion and conquers
immigration
legislation
involuntary (refugees)
war
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APA ethical reasons
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to be competent to work w/ a variety of population
to respect others' rights
to be concerned to not harm others
to contribute to social justice
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race
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a system of classifying individuals into groups based on physical characteristics
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Race as a social problem
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growing consensus that race is socially constructed
we are all members of the same species
genetic differences are minimal
there is more w/in group than between group variation
when environmental influences improve, individuals of all races to better
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ethnicity
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groups that share a common national origin, culture, and language
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Race v Ethnicity
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race:
based on physical characteristics
has been related to biology
appearances
questionable as a category
ethnicity:
based on ancestry and participation
has not been related to national origin
experiences
neutral as a category
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APA guidline 1
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Psychologists are encouraged to recognize that, as cultural beings, they may hold attitudes and beliefs that can detrimentally influence their perceptions of and interactions with individuals who are ethnically and racially different from themselves.
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APA guideline 2
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Psychologists are encouraged to recognize the importance of multicultural sensitivity/responsiveness, knowledge, and understanding about ethnically and racially different individuals.
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APA guideline 3
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As educators, psychologists are encouraged to employ the constructs of multiculturalism and diversity in
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APA guideline 4
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Culturally sensitive psychological researchers are encouraged to recognize the importance of conducting culture-centered and ethical psychological research among persons from ethnic, linguistic, and racial minority backgrounds.
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APA guideline 5
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Psychologists strive to apply culturally-appropriate skills in clinical and other applied psychological practices.
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APA guideline 6
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Psychologists are encouraged to use organizational change processes to support culturally informed organizational (policy) development and practices.
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learning traditions
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-learning through observation and listening-in
-assembly-line instruction
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learning through observation and listening-in
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observing models at home and on the media and repeating behaviors
both watching and listening-in are forms of observation
not passive like eavesdropping
children are apart of the family and community
embedded in a model of intent community participation
refers to keenly observing and…
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assembly-line instruction
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a manufacturing process that moves from workstation to workstation
where the usually interchangeable parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced
schools are considered learning factories
hierarchical structure
organized w/ fixed toles in which someone manages othe…
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why we age segregate
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agriculture was the big thing, then came the:
industrial revolution
child labor laws
move from rural to urban
compulsory extensive schooling
the belief that children are vulnerable
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consequences of age segregation
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time to play and learn
more and moe complex eduction
economic repercussions
invention of adolescence-product of industrial age?
delayed adulthood
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why formal schooling
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agriculture demands less skilled labor
industrialization demands more skilled labor
a way to occupy children who are not working
in democracies
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child-focused interactions
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take place at home and school
adults direct children's attention
parents give "lessons", "quizzes" and ask for daily reports
conversations are centered on child during meal-time
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How the economy affects families
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economies are symbolic cultural systems
economic changes influence family size, gender roles,
the shift from an agrarian to industrial economy
insertion of women in the job markers
influence children participation in adult activities
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Culture challenges
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everyone has culture, taking perspective, diversity in development, thinking locally and globally
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everyone has culture
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culture isn't just what others do
we tend to think we have no culture
do we have a cultural blind spot?
is culture different for european-americans than minorities
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taking perspective
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engaging people from other communities
culture shock
making comparisons-- judgment
ethnocentrism
deficit models
separating value judgements
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diversity in development
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linear cultural evolution
idea of civilization
do we all go through the same stages? (adolescence)
single goal of human development?
everything goes? is there a line?
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Thinking locally and globally
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learning through insider/outsider communication
etic, imposed epic, and derived etic
the meaning of the "same" situation across communities
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conceptual models
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not hypothesis not theories
are a set of ideas that can give us orientation when navigating
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map and territory
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issue of testing
what happens when we use tests developed in the US and Europe to understand people outside these regions
ethnocentric measurements- a problems?
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Whiting and Whiting
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importance of understanding immediate situations
importance of "unpacking" culture and study each component
Problems: happens in a specific order, implies cause and effect
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Brofferbrenner
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ecological niches
concentric circles
proximal and distal influences
micro-,meso-,eso-, and macro- systems
can vary person to person
can happen simultaneously
Problems: dominant beliefs affect you when you're young, he puts culture distal
creates a hierarchy of influences
center o…
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Vygotsky
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We are a product of our time
tools of culture
symbolic and material culture
learning by doing
cone of proximal development
relationships crucial to development
Problems: some don't learn by doing
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Rogoff
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solitary individual
social influences
cultural influences
individual as the focus analysis
interpersonal focus of analysis
cultural-institutional focus of analysis
people who constitute cultural activities
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FAS 370: EXAM 1