SOCI 304: EXAM 1
61 Cards in this Set
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Ethnicity
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Refers to distinct cultural norms and values: shared religion, history, culture, kin, sense of shared destiny, language...
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Opting out of ethnicity
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Whites can pick up ethnicity when they want, non-whites cannot opt out.
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Race
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System of social categorization and stratification
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Do true biological races exist?
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No- race is socially constructed, using physical characteristics to classify, deemed importance by society
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Racialization
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the imposition of racial schema on society- it affects everyone living in that society (oppression and privilege)
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Formal paths of racialization
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Segregation, actual laws/sanctions
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Informal paths of racialization
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prejudice & discrimination, exclusion, threats fof violence
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Racism
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A form of prejudice and/or discrimination based on physical difference
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Layers of racism
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1. Individual conscious and behavior (active)
2. Ideologies of supremacy
3. Institutional racism
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3 types of racism:
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1. Active- acts of discrimination
2. Ideologies of supremacy - one racial group living with the assumption that their group is better
3. Institutional - racism existing in the structure of society- ways groups interact, corporate and legal policies
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Prejudice
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Holding preconceived ideas about people or groups based on some characteristics (could be pos or neg)
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Discrimination
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Actually acting upon prejudicial ideas in a negative way, to disadvantage a group
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Racist
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Someone who is prejudice AND discriminates
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Stereotypes
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Sets of ideas that we believe describe a group of people- very hard to change
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Scapegoats
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Groups of people that are blamed for problems
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Minority groups
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referring to the group with less POWER, all other groups other than the dominant group
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Importance of historical context
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Must put current issues into historical context to get full picture of what's happening and what has happened before
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European colonization
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Ethnocentric (our values should translate to other cultures) attitudes --> Paternalistic forms of racism --> Scientific racism
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Rigid black/white color line in US
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Historically rigid and reinforced
White = pure, good
Dark = evil, bad --> used to dehumanize and mistreat natives, slaves etc.
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Assimilation
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requires those from outside the dominant group to conform to dominant group norms and leave thier own culture (problematic)
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Melting pot
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claims everyone will continue to change as more groups are brought into the mix
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Multiculturalism
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cultural pluralism, all groups respected and maintained within a unified political and economic framework (peaceful society)
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Segregation
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Antithetical to coexistence; tried and re-tried in highly racialized societies
assimilation and segregation have historically lead to the most ethnic conflicts
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US Immigration
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1820-1920: 30 million immigrants came over, mostly from Europe. Not all were equally welcome.
-NAO restricted immigration
-NAO rescinded in 1965
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Civil Rights
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-until 1960's, limited rights from African Americans
-Brown vs. Board (1954) - separate is not equal
-Rosa Parks, MLK (1950's)
-Civil Rights Act (1964)
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Latinos (3 main groups in US)
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1. Mexican Americans
2. Puerto Ricans
3. Cuban Americans
*Misuse of "Hispanic"
-More Central and South American immigration, larger than black population (15>12)
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Asians (3 main groups in US)
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1. Chinese
2. Japanese
3. Filipinos
-model minority (successful)
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US is racially stratified though:
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-Education
-Income
-Residence
-Wealth
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Racial inequality is also seen:
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-Political Representation
-Residential Segregation
-Criminal Justice System
-Health and Wellness
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What groups have integrated well? Not well?
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White ethnics, Asian Americans and Cuban Americans have done well.
African Americans, Puerto Ricans and Native Americans have not (Forced immigration- assimilation, ability to blend.. Many factors)
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4 Significant gaps between ethnic groups
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1. Groups that do well came to US voluntarily
2. Type and degree of discrimination faced
3. Being able to blend is an advantage
4. Coming from culture of similar values
-Protestant Work Ethic (Asian and Jews)
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Stratification
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Way of dividing up into hierarchical layers - those at top are most powerful
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Systems of stratification
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Systems of inequality - social structures that hold certain groups in ranks where the order is difficult to change
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Bases for stratification
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Many: Economic, gender, race, age, occupation etc.
Focuses on POWER- who has it, who doesn't
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Stratification is a group concern
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individualistic fallacy
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3 basic models of social stratification
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1. Slave systems
2. Caste Systems
3. Class Systems (most popular in industrialized societies today- USA)
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Class systems allow for
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social mobility BUT opportunities are not evening distributed among groups
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Marx and class conflict
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class was determined solely by the relationship of a group to the means of production
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Capitalist Class
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Bourgeoise, factory and equipment owners (the "haves")
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Working Class
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Proletariat, worker (the have-nots)
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Marx's prediction
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Widening gaps between two tiers --> Proletariat overthrowing Boureiose, capitalism - socialism - communism
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Weber (Class and Status)
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Added onto Marx, power and prestige
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Weber's 3 fold approach
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1. Wealth (property)
2. Prestige (how others viewed you)
3. Power (ability to carry out one's intentions on society)
*Multidimensional aspect of class - could be high in one or 2 but not another.
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Functionalist Approach
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David & Moore: inequality was necessary to ensure that the most important and complex roles would be filled by the most meritorious individuals
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Problem with functionalist approach
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Outlining the case for inequality via meritocracy - social position was based on talent, skill and hard work = Bootstrap myth. Ignores the importance of group-level analyses.
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Social class is a mixture of
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Wealth, Income, Education and Occupation
-Race isn't component, but it intersects
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Race & wealth
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Clear intersection
Non-whites - generally have less wealth and education, more likely to experience discrimination when buying home
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American Middle Class
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The US understands itself as a middle-class society → Fits strongly with ideologies (classlessness, meritocracy, work ethic)
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2 Types of Poverty
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1. Absolute Poverty (cannot feed self)
2. Relative poverty (measure of living compared to standard set by society)
-1960's formula: 3X monthly grocery bill
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Gender and poverty
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Feminization of poverty: Single mothers, wage gap, social changes (divorce)
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2 empirical explanations for poverty
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1. Blaming the victim
2. Blaming the system
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Sexual orientation
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Generic term, catch-all phrase
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Sexual behavior
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not necessarily consistent with self-conception
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Sexual Attraction
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Only a person knowledge, we try to label them with definitions like heterosexual, homosexual etc...
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Sexual Identity
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Conscious understanding and identification of self
Complex and fluctuating (similar to racial identity)
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Intersectionality
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In order to re-conceptualize race, class, gender and sexuality, we need to shift our discourses away from the additive analyses of oppression
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Dichotomous thinking
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Opposite pairs - Man/Woman, Black/White
-Othering
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Additive model
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assumes a rank-order with respect to oppression
*you can't have this because oppressive experiences cannot be separated or ranked!
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Oppression
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The exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel or unjust manner - everyone's experience of this is different
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Mythical norm
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In America, the norm is usually defined as a white, thin, young, heterosexual, Christian, financially secure male.
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"ISM'S"
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serve as ways to describe discriminatory treatment
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SOCI 304: Exam 1