ArringtonCriminology class notes set 2Robert ParkeErnest Burgus (Parke’s associate) Explored invasion dominance, and successionErnest Burgouis pointed out that cities don’t grow at their edges instead they have a tendency to expand from the middle. He called concentric circles were called zones Zone 1: central business district Zone 2: Generally the oldest section of the city Zone 3: Relatively modest homes and apartments occupied by workersZone 4: residential districts of single family houses and apartments Zone 5: Suburban and satellite cities (the commuter Zone)2/17: Strain Theories Level of analysis- MACRO- Societal- MICRO- Individual Strain Theories: Emile Durkheim- Division of labor in society- Mechanical solidarityo Holds together simple societies - Organic solidarity: functional interdependence o Holds together complex societies- Anomie: Normlessnesso Pathological state Strain Theory: Merton (1938)- Draws on Durkheim in analysis of modern societies, U.S.A.- An integrated society maintains a balance between social structure (approved social means or “institutionalized means”) and culture (approved goals or “culture goals”)1Arrington- Anomie= societal mal-integration when there is a disassociation between valued cultural ends and legitimate societal means to meet these endsMerton Cultural goals Institutionalized goals I. Conformity + +II. Innovation + -III. Ritualism - +IV. Retreatism - -V. Rebellion +/- +/-Cohen (1955)- Also emphasized structural sources of strain- Applied to lower class male delinquency- Emphasis is not on monetary goals but on status- Status frustration - Delinquent subculture as response to status frustration- Non- utilitarian responses lead to approval from peers (status)Messner and Rosenfeld- “winning isn’t everything: it’s the only thing” Vince Lombardi, Football Coach- Crime and the American Dream (2001)- “American Dream”: a commitment to the goals of material success to be pursued by everyone in society, under conditions of open American competition - Messner and Rosenfeld: Macro-level theory: explains cross-national differences in serious crime (e.g., homicide, robbery)- Merton’s anomie theory: crime results from culture and social structure- Crime results from a lack of fit between cultural and social structure, an overemphasis on goals of monetary success (culture) with less emphasis on approved means (social structure)- Thesis Point 1 (of 3):o The American Dream exerts pressures toward crime by encouraging an anomic cultural environment  Where “anything goes” in the pursuit of personal goals2Arrington- Achievement- Individualism- Universalism- The “fetishism” of money - Thesis Point 2 o The anomic pressures inherent in the American Dream are nourished and sustained by a distinctive “institutional balance of power” dominated by the economy Social institutions Institutional Balance of Power Economy, polity, family, education Overlap among institutions - Thesis Point 3o The interplay between the core cultural commitments of the AmericanDream and the institutional balance of power results in widespread anomie , weak social structures, and ultimately high levels of crimeAgnew: General Strain Theory- Micro-level social psychological perspective on strain theory referred to as “General Strain Theory” (GST)- Broadens the concept of strain to encompass several sources of stress or strain- Crime and delinquency are adaptations to stress, whatever the source of that stress may be- Key premise: people engage in crime because they experience stressors or strains- People become upset, experiencing a range of negative emotions- People cope with these strains and negative emotions through crime- Not all individuals respond to strain with crime- Key argument of GST: people are pressured into crime by the strains they experience - Three major types of strainso Failure to achieve positively valued goals (fail to get something they want)o Removal of positively valued stimuli (lose something they value)o Confrontation with negative stimuli e.g.’ treated in an aversive manner,receive something bad. Ex. Child Abuse - Objective vs. Subjective strains3Arrington- Vicarious strains- Questions to asko Why do some strains increase the likelihood of crime?o Reduce or escape from strains temporarilyo Revenge or action against vulnerable targets- What types of strains are most likely to cause crime? Those that:o Are seen as unjusto Seen as high in magnitudeo Are associated with low social controlo Create incentive or pressure to engage in crime- Is GST able to explain all types of crime? Noo Most tested in relation to “street crimes”- Why are some people more likely than others to cope with strains through crimeo Lack of resourceso Costs of criminal coping are lowo Individuals are disposed to crime2/19: Social Learning Theories - Lecture Outlineo Early Biological Approaches o Learning and Crimeo Learning Processeso Learning in Criminology  Crime is a learned behavioro Sutherland’s “Differential Association”o Comments on Sutherland’s theoryo Evaluation of Learning Theory- Early Biological Approaches to Crime o Phrenology- the shape of the human skull was indicative of the personality and could be used to predict criminality (Gall, 1758-1828) The brain is the organ of the mind, and certain spots in the brain control different personality characteristics, and some are more prominent than others  Bump and grunts o Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909): ATAVISM (throwback to a more primitive biological state) (IMPORTANT TO KNOW)  In terms of thinking of Darwinism and evolution4Arrington Employed the scientific method to support his claims, but the method was flawed. - Wanted to compare criminals to soldiers, but he was notblind to the group he was studying- Concluded that criminals that were men were hairy, andjaws were longer. He thought because of the characteristics it showed the difference between criminals and non criminals - He changed his conclusion said that only some criminalswere throwbacks and some were disorders o Constitutional Theories: Body Types and Crime (Sheldon) Endomorph: soft and round  Ectomorph: thin, long, slender  Mesomorph: Athletic and muscular. Associated with delinquency  Balanced: average build - Learning and Crimeo Learning theories focus on the role of learning in the generation of criminal behavioro Includes the ideas and behaviors that can be learned and