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SOCI 304: EXAM 1
Ethnicity |
Refers to distinct cultural norms and values: shared religion, history, culture, kin, sense of shared destiny, language...
|
Opting out of ethnicity |
Whites can pick up ethnicity when they want, non-whites cannot opt out. |
Race |
System of social categorization and stratification |
Do true biological races exist? |
No- race is socially constructed, using physical characteristics to classify, deemed importance by society |
Racialization |
the imposition of racial schema on society- it affects everyone living in that society (oppression and privilege) |
Formal paths of racialization |
Segregation, actual laws/sanctions
|
Informal paths of racialization |
prejudice & discrimination, exclusion, threats fof violence
|
Racism |
A form of prejudice and/or discrimination based on physical difference |
Layers of racism |
1. Individual conscious and behavior (active)
2. Ideologies of supremacy
3. Institutional racism |
3 types of racism: |
1. Active- acts of discrimination
2. Ideologies of supremacy - one racial group living with the assumption that their group is better
3. Institutional - racism existing in the structure of society- ways groups interact, corporate and legal policies
|
Prejudice |
Holding preconceived ideas about people or groups based on some characteristics (could be pos or neg)
|
Discrimination |
Actually acting upon prejudicial ideas in a negative way, to disadvantage a group
|
Racist |
Someone who is prejudice AND discriminates |
Stereotypes |
Sets of ideas that we believe describe a group of people- very hard to change |
Scapegoats |
Groups of people that are blamed for problems |
Minority groups |
referring to the group with less POWER, all other groups other than the dominant group |
Importance of historical context |
Must put current issues into historical context to get full picture of what's happening and what has happened before |
European colonization |
Ethnocentric (our values should translate to other cultures) attitudes --> Paternalistic forms of racism --> Scientific racism |
Rigid black/white color line in US |
Historically rigid and reinforced
White = pure, good
Dark = evil, bad --> used to dehumanize and mistreat natives, slaves etc. |
Assimilation |
requires those from outside the dominant group to conform to dominant group norms and leave thier own culture (problematic) |
Melting pot |
claims everyone will continue to change as more groups are brought into the mix
|
Multiculturalism |
cultural pluralism, all groups respected and maintained within a unified political and economic framework (peaceful society) |
Segregation |
Antithetical to coexistence; tried and re-tried in highly racialized societies
assimilation and segregation have historically lead to the most ethnic conflicts |
US Immigration |
1820-1920: 30 million immigrants came over, mostly from Europe. Not all were equally welcome.
-NAO restricted immigration
-NAO rescinded in 1965 |
Civil Rights |
-until 1960's, limited rights from African Americans
-Brown vs. Board (1954) - separate is not equal
-Rosa Parks, MLK (1950's)
-Civil Rights Act (1964) |
Latinos (3 main groups in US) |
1. Mexican Americans
2. Puerto Ricans
3. Cuban Americans
*Misuse of "Hispanic"
-More Central and South American immigration, larger than black population (15>12) |
Asians (3 main groups in US) |
1. Chinese
2. Japanese
3. Filipinos
-model minority (successful) |
US is racially stratified though: |
-Education
-Income
-Residence
-Wealth
|
Racial inequality is also seen: |
-Political Representation
-Residential Segregation
-Criminal Justice System
-Health and Wellness |
What groups have integrated well? Not well? |
White ethnics, Asian Americans and Cuban Americans have done well.
African Americans, Puerto Ricans and Native Americans have not (Forced immigration- assimilation, ability to blend.. Many factors) |
4 Significant gaps between ethnic groups |
1. Groups that do well came to US voluntarily
2. Type and degree of discrimination faced
3. Being able to blend is an advantage
4. Coming from culture of similar values
-Protestant Work Ethic (Asian and Jews)
|
Stratification |
Way of dividing up into hierarchical layers - those at top are most powerful
|
Systems of stratification |
Systems of inequality - social structures that hold certain groups in ranks where the order is difficult to change
|
Bases for stratification |
Many: Economic, gender, race, age, occupation etc.
Focuses on POWER- who has it, who doesn't |
Stratification is a group concern |
individualistic fallacy |
3 basic models of social stratification |
1. Slave systems
2. Caste Systems
3. Class Systems (most popular in industrialized societies today- USA) |
Class systems allow for |
social mobility BUT opportunities are not evening distributed among groups |
Marx and class conflict |
class was determined solely by the relationship of a group to the means of production |
Capitalist Class |
Bourgeoise, factory and equipment owners (the "haves") |
Working Class |
Proletariat, worker (the have-nots) |
Marx's prediction |
Widening gaps between two tiers --> Proletariat overthrowing Boureiose, capitalism - socialism - communism
|
Weber (Class and Status) |
Added onto Marx, power and prestige |
Weber's 3 fold approach |
1. Wealth (property)
2. Prestige (how others viewed you)
3. Power (ability to carry out one's intentions on society)
*Multidimensional aspect of class - could be high in one or 2 but not another.
|
Functionalist Approach |
David & Moore: inequality was necessary to ensure that the most important and complex roles would be filled by the most meritorious individuals |
Problem with functionalist approach |
Outlining the case for inequality via meritocracy - social position was based on talent, skill and hard work = Bootstrap myth. Ignores the importance of group-level analyses. |
Social class is a mixture of |
Wealth, Income, Education and Occupation
-Race isn't component, but it intersects
|
Race & wealth |
Clear intersection
Non-whites - generally have less wealth and education, more likely to experience discrimination when buying home
|
American Middle Class |
The US understands itself as a middle-class society → Fits strongly with ideologies (classlessness, meritocracy, work ethic) |
2 Types of Poverty |
1. Absolute Poverty (cannot feed self)
2. Relative poverty (measure of living compared to standard set by society)
-1960's formula: 3X monthly grocery bill
|
Gender and poverty |
Feminization of poverty: Single mothers, wage gap, social changes (divorce) |
2 empirical explanations for poverty |
1. Blaming the victim
2. Blaming the system |
Sexual orientation |
Generic term, catch-all phrase
|
Sexual behavior |
not necessarily consistent with self-conception |
Sexual Attraction |
Only a person knowledge, we try to label them with definitions like heterosexual, homosexual etc... |
Sexual Identity |
Conscious understanding and identification of self
Complex and fluctuating (similar to racial identity)
|
Intersectionality |
In order to re-conceptualize race, class, gender and sexuality, we need to shift our discourses away from the additive analyses of oppression |
Dichotomous thinking |
Opposite pairs - Man/Woman, Black/White
-Othering |
Additive model |
assumes a rank-order with respect to oppression
*you can't have this because oppressive experiences cannot be separated or ranked! |
Oppression |
The exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel or unjust manner - everyone's experience of this is different |
Mythical norm |
In America, the norm is usually defined as a white, thin, young, heterosexual, Christian, financially secure male. |
"ISM'S" |
serve as ways to describe discriminatory treatment |