ANTH 205: FINAL EXAM
63 Cards in this Set
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major elements of religion
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supernatural beliefs held by faith, not evidence
moral codes
rituals
division of world into sacred and profane; worship
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major categories of religion
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Atheism/Agnosticism
Animism
totemism
ancestor worship
monotheism
polytheism
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evidence of earliest religious activity
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~100,000 years ago
practiced by homosapians and Neanderthals
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Most common religions in U.S and Worldwide
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Christianity
Islam
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Abrahamic Religions
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Christianity
Judaism
Islam
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Judaism
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4,000 years old
progenitor to other western religions
Tanakah- religious texts
Monotheistic
good moral life
no single figure head
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Christianity
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based on Judaism
holy trinity
salvation is achieved through faith
roman catholic, eastern orthodox, and prodestant
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Islam
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based on teachings of prophet Muhammad
Qur'an- religious texts
5 pillars- believe in Muhammed and God, pray 5 times daily, giving, fast during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Meccah
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Hinduism
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multiple deities
multiple texts
Bhagaved Gita- Brahma, Karma, samsara, Moksha
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Hinduism
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multiple deities
multiple texts
Bhagaved Gita- Brahma, Karma, samsara, Moksha
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Buddhism
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teachings of Siddharta Gautama
Karma and Samsara
suffering is caused by attachment and craving
goal is to eliminate attachment
noble eightfold path
4 noble truths
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Divination Role of witchcraft as social control
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the practice of attempting to foretell future events or discover hidden knowledge by occult or supernatural means
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warfare
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organized armed violent conflict between two independent social groups
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usefulness of "ritualized" threats
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it gives you dominance without actually having to earn it the hard way
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possible reasons why men are more violent
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more to gain
acceptance of risk is higher
morphological and physiological adaptations
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noble savage view
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indigenous people are egalitarian peace loving, good for environment
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characteristics of warfare
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male dominated
produces homicides
rule governed
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Raids
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small scale discrete battles
common among bands and tribes
capture of women
capture of land
capture of resources- livestock
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defining characteristics of large scale warfare
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organized campaigns
lengthy engagements
multiple fronts
tactics
defined structure of command
clear goals
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defining characteristics of large scale warfare
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warfare and violence is declining
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possible causes for warfare and violence to decline
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greater centralization of power- states within monopoly of coercion
greater value of life as technology improves quality and length
interdependence/mutual benefit/trade
expanding in-group through travel and media
greater cultural change in understanding for mor…
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possible reasons public is not aware of violence declining
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salience of immediate events
immediate knowledge and imagery from media
activism
changing attitudes, lowering the bar of outrage
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Yanomamo location
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Brazil and Venezuela
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Yanomamo communities
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~23,000 people in ~250 villages
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Yanomamo subsistence
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large village gardens
plantains and wild bananas
monioc, taro, sweet potatoes
family gardens
hunting
fishing
honey
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Yanomamo residence
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Patrilocal- men stay home and stick togther
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shabono
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the large village; house for the yanomamo
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Yanomamo preferred marriage partners
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cross-cousins
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structure of yanomamo cosmos
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Duku ka misi
Hedu ka misi
Hei ka misi
Hei ta bebi
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Moamo
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most critical soul; resides on ones chest; can be lured away by using hekura; can be good or bad
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Hekura
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tiny warrior spirits throughout the land that the shamans use to rid people of bad moamos or to lure in good ones
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Ebene
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snuff that causes hallucinations to communicate with the spirit world
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waiteri
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aggressiveness encouraged in boys
value of waiteri-toughness
source of political power
must hold true to threats
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favored gender in children
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Males
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overview of gender relations
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male oriented
patrilineal
patrilocal
more men than women
girls take on chores more quickly while boys get to play longer
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role of village headman
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loosely based role
feast, defense, resolution
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ritualized battle
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chest pounding
side slapping
club fight
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Unokai
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those who have killed
purification ceremony
warriors; they are honored
cultural success leads to prestige, power, and ability to win spouses
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reproductive consequences of unokai
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2.5 times as many wives
3 times as many children
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Bisaasiteri
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village of yanomamo people
story of everyone getting killed in their hammocks during a raid
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Kaobawa
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headman of the upper Biaasiteri
helped chignon with genealogies
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rerebawa
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aggressive male
married into bisaasiteri
helped chagnon with genealogies after an old man lied to him
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mishimishimabowateri
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village of yanomamo people
kinship
largest yanomamo tribe
moawa- leader who rules by fear
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Ax fight
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a fight that broke out between the mishimishimabowteri over a women being beaten in the garden. fight escalated to the use of axes
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Patrick tierney
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the author of darkness in el dorado
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darkness in el dorado
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a book that was published in 2000 that made accusations against chagnon and his work; changed anthropology as a whole
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Major accusations made against chagnon and neel
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starting the measles epidemic
inciting violence and warfare
introduction of disease
lack of informed consent
psychological trauma
falsification
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American Anthropological Association Decisions
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report accepted in 2002
rescinded in 2005
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major questions raised by darkness in el dorado affair
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medical assistance
compensation
material assistance
impact of publications
informed consent
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Ju'hoansi
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subsistence-plants
location- southern Africa
general characteristics- Hxaro (gift exchange), little warfare, and loose sexual restriction
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Basseri
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subsistence- milk and dairy
location- Iran
general characteristics- ilrah(tribal road), arranged marriage, very religious
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Nuer
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Subsistence- horticulture, cattle, fishing, millet, goats and sheep
location- south sudan
general characteristics- segementary lineage, leopard skin chief
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Tiwi
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subsistence- hunters and gatherers, fish, veggies, and game
location- 2 islands in Australia, Melville and Bathurst
general characteristics- children come from the mans dreams, women are assigned husbands before they are born, pukumani- taboo activites
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Sambia
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subsistence- horticulture
location- islands of new guinea
general characteristics- men believe that women pollute them and they must be cleansed, jerungdu- masculine force of power
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Kapaku
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subsistence- small game, sweet potatoes, native diet, pigs
location- new guinea
general characteristics- use cowry shells as currency, known for their sharing culture, tonowi- leader
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Azande
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subsistence- corn, millet, and horticulture
location- Africa
general characteristics- sleeping sickness, oracles, witchcraft
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Atheism
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Doesn't believe in anything at all
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Agnosticism
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Believes there is a possibility that there is a God
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Animism
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Belief that inanimate objects have souls
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Totemism
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Belief that each human has a spiritual connection with an animal or plant
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Ancestor worship
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Belief that deceased ancestors intervene with the living
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Monotheism
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Belief that there is only one God
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Polytheism
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Belief that there is more than one God
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ANTH 205: EXAM 1