ANTH 205: EXAM 1
46 Cards in this Set
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Four subfields of anthropology
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archaeology, biological, linguistics, cultural
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Defining elements of culture:
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Information that is shared among a population, and information that is socially transmitted
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Major Anthropological theories
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Social Evolution, Historical Particularism, Structural Functionalism
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Social Evolution
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emphasizes the importance of evolution in the organization of information about a people.
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Historical Particularism
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emphasizes the importance of a society's history and the particular details about how they live
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Structural Particularism
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all societies are structured and those different elements all have a practical function
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Definition of evolution
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change in frequency of a particular genetic variant in a population over time
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Four mechanisms of evolution
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mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection
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Three points to theory of natural selection
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variation in populations, variation is heritable, some traits more successful at reproduction and passed in greater numbers to subsequent generations.
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Four pieces of evidence for common ancestry
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missing link, population change, genetic selfishness
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Naturalistic Fallacy
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confusion of what is with what ought to be
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Cultural Relativism
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consideration of behavior, beliefs, and customs within the context of particular culture from which they are derived
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Ethnocentrism
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judging others based on your own culture
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Moral Relativism
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judgement of moral values based on the particular cultural, historical and social context in which they are formed
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Epistemological Relativism
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all means of learning involve subjective biases. no way of knowing is any better than another
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Biological Definitions of race
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taxonomical level below species, inbreeding populations separated from other populations by barriers for extended time, genetically and phenomenally distinct
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Major reasons humans can't be divided into races
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Limited genetic variance between populations, variance is distributed clinally
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Nature of between group genetic variance
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15% of alleles differ between races
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Race v. ethnicity
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Race is membership to genetic ancestry. Ethnicity is membership to cultural heritage.
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De facto segregation
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segregation that was not by law
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Privilege
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benefits one race has over another
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Microaggressions
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everyday hostile insults to target members of a particular group
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Emic
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explanation accompanied by a comprehensive description of cultural context that makes the phenomenon meaningful to the reader
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Etic
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denoting an approach to the study of a particular culture
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Quantitative Methodologies
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observation, interviews, physical measures, behaviors
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Why do anthropologists use the comparative method instead of experimental?
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In experimental methods you control everything except what you are looking at and therefor run into problems with ethics and morals.
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Levels of the comparative method
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Cross-Cultural, Cross- Individual, Cross-context
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Foraging
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complete or near complete reliance on the hunted, fished, or gathered food
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Importance of foraging in human history
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original subsistence strategy presented globally
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Characteristics of foragers (6)
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high mortality, high fertility, low population density, band of 25 people centered around kinship, mobile, egalitarian
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Horticulture
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small scale, mainly subsistence level farming, domesticated animals
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Fertile Crescent
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region between the nile, tigris, and euphrates rivers
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Slash & Burn
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clear and burn unwanted plants, adds nutrients to the soil, productive for a number of years
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Social Impacts of Agricultural revolution
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increased population densities, ownerships, greater social complexity
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Negative Impacts of shifting to agriculture
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people have a sense of ownership, sedentism created hierarchy, diseases spread more quickly because of increased population density
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Pastoralism
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subsistence strategy based on tending herds of large animals
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Ecological Characteristics of pastoralists' habits (5)
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semi-arid habits, seasonality risk of drought and foods, not conducive to horticulture/agriculture, turns inedible plants into food for animals, use animals for various purposes
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Traits desired in pastoral animals (4)
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hardy, herdible, breed-able, alternative uses
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Nomadic Pastoralism
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self-reliant, dependent, mobile
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Transhumance Pastoralism
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permanent settlements, horticulture
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Intensive Agriculture (3)
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boost in productivity per acre per hour, cultivation continuum, began 5000 years ago
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Cultivation Continuum
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based on comparative study of non-industrial cultivating in which labor intensity increases and fallowing decreases
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Common Practices Associated with intensive agriculture (4)
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non shifting fields
irrigation
animal of burdens & plows
terraces
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Date and first sites of intensive agriculture
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Began 5000 years ago in Altiplano populations- Bolivia & Peru
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Characteristics of intensive agriculturalists
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large dense populations,
complex formal social systems,
highly stratified,
specialization
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American exceptionalism
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Idea that America as a country is a model for other countries to aspire to an exceptional example of how to live life.
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ANTH 205: EXAM 1