ANTH 205 Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture 1 Cultural Anthropology 2 Biological Anthropology 3 Linguistic Anthropology 4 Archeology 5 Science Outline of Current Lecture 1 Culture 2 Anthropologists definition of Culture 3 Things Anthropologists agree about culture 4 How to measure Culture 5 3 types of Learning 6 Culture has 7 main attributes 7 Culture has 3 main components 8 Culture has 2 dimensions 9 Culture has Organization Levels 10 Culture has 3 main components Current Lecture 1 Culture Learned patters of behavior Power of culture Defines our world helps us survive provides for our needs shapes our bodies Defying and redefining culture has been the favorite occupation fo many anthropologists for several generations 2 Anthropologists definition of Culture E B Tyler 19th Century anthropologists 1st professor in Anthropology at Oxford 1896 1871 definition That complex whole which includes knowledge beliefs art morals law customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society Implication a human cannot be w o culture Leslie White 20th century The extra somatic means of adaptation passed on from generation to generation dependant on the use of symbols Those things that are learned shared and transmitted 3 Things Anthropologists agree about culture Human universe Learned acquired both consciously and unconsciously through process of enculturation Not biological activity taught or learned through observation Social widely shared w others Responsible for most differences in ways of thinking and behaving Essential to psychological and social development Not a value judgment not referring to popular or High Culture but traits define people s customs or beliefs 4 How to measure Culture Culture is composed of traits Individual cultural characteristics Traits move through diffusion Can change along the way Tension within a culture can be creative or destructive Culture is learned through enculturation 5 3 types of Learning Simple new behavior due to experiences Displacement and self recognition communication about something not immediately present Meta mind the ability to think about thinking and communicate it to others unique to humans 6 Culture has 7 main attributes Extra Organic Not genetically determined but influenced by biology Continuous Generations can change but stable over medium time Accumulative Can grow in size and complexity Symbolic Arbitrary Example language is artificial Variable Many kinds of cultural orientations isolations explains variable Interchangeable If it can be learned it can be forgotten Intergraded Culture systems interact 7 Culture has 3 main components Material the material results of learned behavior and shared knowledge Social behavior behavior greetings ritual acts motions of work Mental attitudes and values systems of knowledge beliefs etc 8 Culture has 2 dimensions Normative culture ideal vs Behavioral Culture real What people say they believe vs what they really do Overt culture vs covert culture Culture people are aware they have vs culture they are unaware they have 9 Culture has Organization Levels National Culture Beliefs behavior value and institutions that are shared by members of the same nation International Culture Cultural traditions that extend beyond and across natural boundaries Subcultures Ethnocentrism The tendency to view your culture superior to others