ANTH 205: EXAM 2
64 Cards in this Set
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Defining elements of marriage:
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•Mutually maintained long-term reproductive relationship
•Socially acknowledged sexual regulations •High levels of economic cooperation
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How does marriage facilitate paternal care:
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Marriage facilitates the delivery of paternal care
•Sexual regulations offer paternity certainty •Reduced opportunity costs •Division of labor—more efficient
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Monogamy:
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Marital Arrangements between one man and one woman
•Most common marriage worldwide •Limitations may lead to mistresses, serial monogamy •Increasingly more common as countries become industrialized
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Polygyny
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Marital Arrangements between one man and many women
•Practiced in ~80% of populations •Most families still monogamous though •Sororal polygyny very common (between sisters) •Associated with variance in men’s value as husbands
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Social vs Mating systems:
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•Formal marriage & living patterns determine social system
•Actual sexual behavior determines mating system (monogamy + mistresses = polygyny) •Incorrect paternity ~3% •Partible paternity
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Bridewealth:
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Exchange of wealth from groom’s family to bride’s family
–Bride payment –Bride service
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Dowry:
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of wealth from bride’s family to groom’s family
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Endogamy/Exogamy:
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Endogamy- Marrying within a group
Exogamy- Marrying outside a group
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Hypergamy:
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Marrying up (the act or practice of seeking a spouse of equal or higher socioeconomic status, or caste status than oneself)
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Levirate:
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–Practice of marrying brother of deceased husband
–Brother of deceased husband is marriageable man most closely related to children
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Ache marriage & divorce compared to other groups:
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Horrible, within 5 years only one will still be together. While the US would have 6, and the Tismane 8.5
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Polygyny/gerontocracy in Australia:
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The old people share the power and have many wives (all hunter gatherers)
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Stolen generations:
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children of Australian descent who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments.
–Upwards of 100,000 children –Largely children of mixed descent –Australian government offered form…
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Sexual/asexual reproduction:
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asexual reproduction: only one parent; often produces offspring that are clones of parents.
Sexual reproduction: Exchange of genetic material to produce offspring that share genetic ancestry with both parents
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Benefits of sexual reproduction:
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Creates a moving target for pathogens, Greater adaptability (takes quite a long time), and the reduction of harmful mutations
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Biological definition of Male & Female & Hermaphrodites:
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•Females: The sex with the larger gamete. Females have ova.
•Males: Gametes are smaller more mobile. Males have sperm •Hermaphrodites: In many species individuals create both types of gametes
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Gender vs. Sex:
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Gender is the socially constructed role that each sex is assigned, it varies cross-culturally, although many consistent patterns
•(Debated patterns: Biologically derived based on sex-diffs •Due to ecological or social similarities found in most human populations) Sex: is defined by the g…
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Why greater male-male competition:
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There will always be more males willing & able to mate crating greater male-male competition for females.
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Why greater female choosiness:
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There will always be more males willing & able to mate
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Effects of paternal investment on reproductive strategies: -Pref in men from women (visversa) -Paternity certianty
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Women’s preference in men: Benefit from choosing good investors or access to resources
Men’s preference in women: Women’s youth becomes more important than fecundity; they will be investing lot so they want to be choosy. Men desire resources Paternity certainty: they want to make sure th…
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Cultural basis for Gender differences: Conflictive:
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Gender roles based on desire of one group to control resources & power.
a. Men begin with physical superiority b. Monopolize control of recourses to maintain authority c. Taboo against viewing foraging told
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Cultural basis for Gender differences: Functional:
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Gender roles function to divide labor & responsibilities efficiently.
a. Reproductive differences define constraints b. Division of labor is based on constraints defines basis of gender roles c. Values and beliefs develop to further define roles d. Woman’s away from education
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Sources of gender role development:
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Gender role socialization begins very early
•Parents: play, values •Peers: by age 6; 11 times as much same-sex play as opposite sex •School, Media, Work
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Kinsey Scale:
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On the Kinsey scale, one is rated between 0-6, 6 being exclusively gay
- The Kinsey report introduced this after finding that 10% men were gay for at least 3 years of your life, now less… experience is more common
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General conclusions of studies of same-sex parents:
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Same-sex parents are very similar to heterosexual parents. There is no evidence that the child could be gay, take on a different gender roll, or differ in emotional and cognitive development, and depression. Mixed evidence on behavior of child, but would be more open to gay people.
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Two-spirits:
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A common third gender role among Native American groups, recently being called “Two-spirits.” They would often fulfill roles of both genders.
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Fa’afafine:
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: A Samoan third-gender. Similar third-gender roles found in Hawaiian, Maori, & other Polynesian populations.
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Hijra:
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A Indian third-gender. They get income from performing as well as providing ceremonial blessings (or threatening curses) and are normally high in poverty and discrimination.
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Pederasty:
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•Refers to the relationship between an adult man and an adolescent boy. Used as form of socialization, education. There has been a debate in ancient times of ideal form.
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Definition of political system:
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System by which social power is distributed in order to deal with challenges arising from group living.
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Problems addressed by political systems:
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Foreign relations
•Keeping the peace •Infrastructure •Distribution of labor & resources
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Band:
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Small, loosely defined groups with no formal leadership. (Hunter gatherers)
•Foreign: Highly mobile, can be used to engage or avoid conflict •Peace: Everyone knows everyone. Informal resolution •Infrastructure: Very little •Distribution: Very egalitarian Associated with which groups: Jo/…
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Tribe
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system organized around kinship. Political role determined by status in kinship group. (horticulturalists & pastoralists)
•Foreign: Conflicts common b/c of importance of land. Need for mobilization. •Peace: Enforced within kinship system •Infrastructure: Very little •Distribution: Based …
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State
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Autonomous, centralized political entities with administrative bureaucracy, defined territories, intensive agriculture or industry, and highly specialized populace with separate classes and professions
Autocracy: Single ruler. Monarchy: inherited. Dictatorship: somehow won or appointed O…
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Chiefdom
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Centralized political entities separate from kinship systems. Separate classes with rulers that control multiple groups. Requires some storable & transportable surplus (horticulturalists & agriculturalists)
-Increased sedentarism & existence surplus may provoke conflict. Warrior class. •…
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Social Stratification:
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•Hierarchical arrangement of society into classes. Is uncommon in band & tribal groups. Can differentiate political power, social roles, wealth. Degree to which it is institutionalized
•Causes: •Functionalist approach •Conflict approach •Evolutionary approach
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Traditional Indian castes: Brahins, Kshatryias, Vaishyas, Shudras
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Brahins, Kshatryias, Vaishyas, Shudras Referenced in Hindu religious text, creating 4 main castes (varna)
Brahins – have right to teach Kshatryias – the ruling class Vaishyas – merchants, farmers, Shudras – servants, labor.
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Dalits
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Dalits: Outside of system (dalits) – unclean
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Jatis:
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the term used to denote communities and sub-communities in India
Varying degree of rigidity throughout history Heritability Intermarriage Modern changes (British rule, same as class system , this made it most complex)
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Benefits of income equality:
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•Social Cohesion, Health, Reduced Crime, Social Utility (wanting to reduce the index)
-causes of inequality; Innate ability, education, parental SES (heritability / lack of social mobility), preferences, discrimination, globalization / immigration. Obstacles include; Innate selfishness, …
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Welfare state:
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Where the government plays major role in assuring welfare of population. Done by increased taxation. Increased access and depth of welfare programs.
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% of GDP spent on social expenditures in U.S. compared to other countries
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Very low at 15 percent. Korea and Ireland are the only ones that spend less.
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Individual tax rate in U.S. compare to other Western countries
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Very low, maybe under 15 percent. Well under everyone else’s at 30-35 percent.
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Kim Jong-ll
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Replaced Kim II-sung after death as leader of North Korea and was an authoritarian autocrat. During a time of industrial focus began to falter, and technological sluggishness.
Cult of personality
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Cult of Personality
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Humans follow corismiatic individuals.
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Juche
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Do it yourself, North Korean philosophy of self-reliance and independence.
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Common elements of religion:
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-All founded by single individuals
-Religious chorizema that deters that individuals
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Functions of religion:
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A framework of meaning that defines the universe, our existence, life, “Meaning of life,” and afterlife.
•Explanation of Events •Fulfills humans’ natural curiosity •Provides order to “chaotic” world •Reinterpretation with regards to conflicting evidence •Control •Means of improving situa…
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Tiwi Subsidence, pop, location
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Pop. 2000-3000
Location : Melville and Bathurst Islands north austriala Sub: Hunt numerous small species (goanna, shellfish, possum) Forage in the seas on canoes Collect numerous nuts, and use throwing sticks and spears
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Sambia - beliefs concerning women
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Men’s beliefs concerning women & menstruation: Considered polluted by men. Particularly menstrual and vaginal fluid. Forcing later cleansing of boys before they can become men. (separate houses, men didn’t mess around with wives.)
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Tiwi Origin of Children
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Origin of children: Unborn sprit children live in a dreamland affiliated with country. Fathers would find children in dreams and bring them back. Not too long ago, kin was fair game for marriage. They ultimately had no real understanding of sex and birth.
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Tiwi Pukumani
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Pukumani” refers to taboo activities as well as death ceremony
•Upon death, close relatives must refrain from numerous activities •Must also perform ceremony to encourage deceased to accept place in the death world
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Sambia Jerungdu:
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•Masculine force or power, that is a secret to men. One must get it by ingesting semen from other bachelors. Once men become fathers, they are supposed to stop providing semen to initiates.
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Tiwi betrothal of girls
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Betrothal of girls: Woman cannot be unmarried at any time. Daughters were often betrothed before birth. They were set to father’s choice so they could “invest” them in important relationships. A woman showed how well off a man was. Primary method of acquiring young wives. Young men who we…
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Sambia Subsidence, location
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New Guinea
Horticulture
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Kapauku Subsidence, pop. location
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Central Irian Jaya (Indonesia)
100,000 Pigs and Yams. In valley, also sugarcane, taro, bananas, etc. Hunting & fishing minor
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Azante Subsidence, location
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Southwestern Sudan
Corn and millet
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Azante roll of witchcraft
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Role of witchcraft in explaining misfortune
Tendency that provides order to things that go unexplained and the base of all misfortune. Used as social control (keeps people in line) and no one dies accidentally. Consult the oracles for the identification of aggressor. Not likely to excee…
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Azante Benge Poracle
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Benge Poracle (Most powerful)
They give a chicken some poison and they watch how it reacts as it dies. Won’t enter in marriage unless there is a positive sign.
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Kapauku ceremony
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Ceremony: Juwo, or pig feast. Feasting houses, and dancing into the night. Pork distributed or sold. During final feast day trade in items of manufacture is also conducted.
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Kapauku Tonowi
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Tonowi: A headman that uses his prestige and wealth to induce the compliance of others, particularly through the Extension or refusal of credit. Generosity is needed. Hosts pig feast. Must loan wealth and take apprentices.
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Kapauku significance of cowry shells
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Significance of cowry shells: Instead of bartering, they use cowry shells and glass beads as currency. They can only be acquired through trade. One can even establish lines of credit.
•Wealth & prestige defined by number of pigs and wives
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Maasai subsidence, pop., location
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Kenya/ Tanzania (East Africa)
900,000 •Rely largely on cows for milk, meat & blood. They drink up to 1 liter per day of milk. Currently include maize meal with a varied level of acculturation.
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Maasai Moran
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Moran: Warriors on the Maasai
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ANTH 205: EXAM 1