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ANTH 205: FINAL EXAM
major elements of religion |
supernatural beliefs held by faith, not evidence
moral codes
rituals
division of world into sacred and profane; worship |
major categories of religion |
Atheism/Agnosticism
Animism
totemism
ancestor worship
monotheism
polytheism |
evidence of earliest religious activity |
~100,000 years ago
practiced by homosapians and Neanderthals |
Most common religions in U.S and Worldwide |
Christianity
Islam |
Abrahamic Religions |
Christianity
Judaism
Islam |
Judaism |
4,000 years old
progenitor to other western religions
Tanakah- religious texts
Monotheistic
good moral life
no single figure head
|
Christianity |
based on Judaism
holy trinity
salvation is achieved through faith
roman catholic, eastern orthodox, and prodestant
|
Islam |
based on teachings of prophet Muhammad
Qur'an- religious texts
5 pillars- believe in Muhammed and God, pray 5 times daily, giving, fast during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Meccah
|
Hinduism |
multiple deities
multiple texts
Bhagaved Gita- Brahma, Karma, samsara, Moksha |
Hinduism |
multiple deities
multiple texts
Bhagaved Gita- Brahma, Karma, samsara, Moksha |
Buddhism |
teachings of Siddharta Gautama
Karma and Samsara
suffering is caused by attachment and craving
goal is to eliminate attachment
noble eightfold path
4 noble truths
|
Divination Role of witchcraft as social control |
the practice of attempting to foretell future events or discover hidden knowledge by occult or supernatural means
|
warfare |
organized armed violent conflict between two independent social groups |
usefulness of "ritualized" threats |
it gives you dominance without actually having to earn it the hard way |
possible reasons why men are more violent |
more to gain
acceptance of risk is higher
morphological and physiological adaptations
|
noble savage view |
indigenous people are egalitarian peace loving, good for environment |
characteristics of warfare |
male dominated
produces homicides
rule governed |
Raids |
small scale discrete battles
common among bands and tribes
capture of women
capture of land
capture of resources- livestock
|
defining characteristics of large scale warfare
|
organized campaigns
lengthy engagements
multiple fronts
tactics
defined structure of command
clear goals
|
defining characteristics of large scale warfare
|
warfare and violence is declining |
possible causes for warfare and violence to decline |
greater centralization of power- states within monopoly of coercion
greater value of life as technology improves quality and length
interdependence/mutual benefit/trade
expanding in-group through travel and media
greater cultural change in understanding for mortality
|
possible reasons public is not aware of violence declining |
salience of immediate events
immediate knowledge and imagery from media
activism
changing attitudes, lowering the bar of outrage
|
Yanomamo location |
Brazil and Venezuela |
Yanomamo communities |
~23,000 people in ~250 villages |
Yanomamo subsistence |
large village gardens
plantains and wild bananas
monioc, taro, sweet potatoes
family gardens
hunting
fishing
honey
|
Yanomamo residence |
Patrilocal- men stay home and stick togther |
shabono |
the large village; house for the yanomamo |
Yanomamo preferred marriage partners |
cross-cousins |
structure of yanomamo cosmos |
Duku ka misi
Hedu ka misi
Hei ka misi
Hei ta bebi
|
Moamo |
most critical soul; resides on ones chest; can be lured away by using hekura; can be good or bad |
Hekura |
tiny warrior spirits throughout the land that the shamans use to rid people of bad moamos or to lure in good ones |
Ebene |
snuff that causes hallucinations to communicate with the spirit world |
waiteri |
aggressiveness encouraged in boys
value of waiteri-toughness
source of political power
must hold true to threats |
favored gender in children |
Males |
overview of gender relations |
male oriented
patrilineal
patrilocal
more men than women
girls take on chores more quickly while boys get to play longer
|
role of village headman |
loosely based role
feast, defense, resolution |
ritualized battle |
chest pounding
side slapping
club fight
|
Unokai |
those who have killed
purification ceremony
warriors; they are honored
cultural success leads to prestige, power, and ability to win spouses
|
reproductive consequences of unokai |
2.5 times as many wives
3 times as many children
|
Bisaasiteri |
village of yanomamo people
story of everyone getting killed in their hammocks during a raid
|
Kaobawa |
headman of the upper Biaasiteri
helped chignon with genealogies
|
rerebawa |
aggressive male
married into bisaasiteri
helped chagnon with genealogies after an old man lied to him
|
mishimishimabowateri |
village of yanomamo people
kinship
largest yanomamo tribe
moawa- leader who rules by fear
|
Ax fight |
a fight that broke out between the mishimishimabowteri over a women being beaten in the garden. fight escalated to the use of axes |
Patrick tierney |
the author of darkness in el dorado |
darkness in el dorado |
a book that was published in 2000 that made accusations against chagnon and his work; changed anthropology as a whole |
Major accusations made against chagnon and neel |
starting the measles epidemic
inciting violence and warfare
introduction of disease
lack of informed consent
psychological trauma
falsification
|
American Anthropological Association Decisions |
report accepted in 2002
rescinded in 2005
|
major questions raised by darkness in el dorado affair |
medical assistance
compensation
material assistance
impact of publications
informed consent
|
Ju'hoansi |
subsistence-plants
location- southern Africa
general characteristics- Hxaro (gift exchange), little warfare, and loose sexual restriction
|
Basseri |
subsistence- milk and dairy
location- Iran
general characteristics- ilrah(tribal road), arranged marriage, very religious
|
Nuer |
Subsistence- horticulture, cattle, fishing, millet, goats and sheep
location- south sudan
general characteristics- segementary lineage, leopard skin chief |
Tiwi |
subsistence- hunters and gatherers, fish, veggies, and game
location- 2 islands in Australia, Melville and Bathurst
general characteristics- children come from the mans dreams, women are assigned husbands before they are born, pukumani- taboo activites
|
Sambia |
subsistence- horticulture
location- islands of new guinea
general characteristics- men believe that women pollute them and they must be cleansed, jerungdu- masculine force of power
|
Kapaku |
subsistence- small game, sweet potatoes, native diet, pigs
location- new guinea
general characteristics- use cowry shells as currency, known for their sharing culture, tonowi- leader
|
Azande |
subsistence- corn, millet, and horticulture
location- Africa
general characteristics- sleeping sickness, oracles, witchcraft
|
Atheism |
Doesn't believe in anything at all |
Agnosticism |
Believes there is a possibility that there is a God |
Animism |
Belief that inanimate objects have souls |
Totemism |
Belief that each human has a spiritual connection with an animal or plant |
Ancestor worship |
Belief that deceased ancestors intervene with the living |
Monotheism |
Belief that there is only one God |
Polytheism |
Belief that there is more than one God |