KINS 2010: Test 1
125 Cards in this Set
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Exercise
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Performance of any physical activity for the purpose of conditioning the body, imporving health, maintining fitness, or correcting bodily functions to a state of health.
(purposeful movement)
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Science
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Systematic attempt to establish theories to explain obsereved phenomena and the knowledge obtained through these efforts
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Exercise Sceince
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How and why the body responds to physical activity
Very diverse field of study
The study of exercise
Actute VS. Chronic
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Acute Vs. Chronic
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Acute: How the body is affected right after exercise
Chronic: Overall adaptation to exercise
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Primary Areas of Exercise Science
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Health related aspects of physical activity
(improving physical health and well-being throughout the lifespan)
Sports Performance
(Enhancing and improving sport performance)
[General population vs. Athletes]
Both have diverse areas of study:
Physiology, nutrition, biomechanics…
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History of Exercise Science (1960s)
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1960s
Exercise science became a cohesive field and an academic discipline
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American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
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1954 (developed)
Aims to promote exercise science and sports medicine as a means to enhance aspects of health, fitness, physical abilities, and sport performance
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Exercise Science: Areas of Study
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Anatomy
Physiology
Exercise Physiology
Kinesiology
Biomechanics
Epidemiology
Exercise and Sport Nutrition
Motor Learning and Motor Control
Exercise and Sport Psychology
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Anatomy
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Organ structure and function
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Physiology
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Processes and Functions
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Exercise Physiology
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Acute responses and chronic adapatations
How long exercise affects post and long term
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Kinesiology
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Human Motion
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Biomechanics
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Mechanical principles
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Epidemiology
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Probability of disease and injury
Long term affects of exercise (decrease of disease)
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Exercise and Sport Nutrition
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Dietary needs for health and sport performance
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Motor Learning and Motor Control
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Acquistion and control of movement
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Exercise and Sport Psychology
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Pshyological constructs/dysfunctions and optimal sport performance
Exercise: general population (fatigue, enhance cognition)
Sport: enhance performance of athlete
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Emergence of Exercise Science
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Science Based principles for exercise
Debunk exercise myths (no pain, no gain)
Methodical training of athletes (optimize athlete vs. burn out)
Optimizing health and fitness
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Academic Programs
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Basic Standards for the Professional Preparations in Exercise Science
Foundational Core
Exercise Prescription
Health Promotion
Human Relations
Professional Development
Practical Experience
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Exercise Prescription
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Cardio vs. strength program
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Health Promotion
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Weight management
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Health Relations
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Relate to humans. Motivate people.
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Practical Experience
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Internship
Knowing its what you want to do.
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Potential Career Opportunities
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Clinical and Rehabilitation
(cardiac rehab, massage therapy)
Professional Schools
(physical therapy, physicians assisant)
Private Sector
(personal training, dietician)
Teacher, Researcher, and or Coach
(Professor, strength and conditioning coach)
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Why Measurement is Important
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Research
(make sure measurements are valuable and reliable)
Normative Data
(have normative data from population to compare patient to)
Track goals/progess
(track patients progress)
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Measurement
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Assigning a number based on individual attributes
(height, fat, etc.)
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Evaluation
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Statement of equality about the measurement
(Putting a quailty to the number: very tall for a 6'7" person)
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Accuracy
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Direct VS. Indirect Measurements
Direct: Use ruler to see how far they jump
Indirect: Depression (something you cannot easily see)
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Validity
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Measures what it is intended to measure
Degree of truthfulness
(measuring what you set out to measure: weight not height)
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Reliabilty
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Repeatability of a measure
A measure MUST be reliable in order for it to be vaild, however a measurement can be reliable but not valid
(every time you take their amount of fat --> it is the same every time)
Need at least 3 measurements to determind if reliable
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Three types of validity
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Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Construct Validity
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Content Validity
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Degree to which the task represents the actual content to be assessed
(40 yard dash in football; sit and reach)
Cannot say a football player is good all because he had a good 40 yard dash time
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Criterion Validity
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Correlation between a measurement and the criterion "gold standard" for the measurement
(Body fat assessment; VO2 max)
Skin fold (to get body fat) is not good enough alone. Correlate that and dexa scan (used for body composition: gives body fat percent, bone fat, and lean muscle tis…
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Construct Validity
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Degree to which a test measures an intangible quality or attribute (construct)
(Depression, mental fatigue)
For psychological measures: cant see it, but can feel it
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Four ways to assess Reliability
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Test-Retest
Equivalence
Split-halves
Intraclass
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Test-Retest
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Same participants complete the assessment twice
Take an exam twice. If reliable = about the same score
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Equivalence
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Two similar (equivalent) measurements of the same characteristic are compared
Dexa scan and skin fold should be about the same results
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Split-Halves
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Half of the assessment is compared with the other half
Good for depression questionaires. Can compare the odds and evens.
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Intraclass
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Comparing multiple assessments (>2)
Do 4 sprints = how reliable
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Objectivity
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Subset of reliability
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Objective tests VS. Subjective Tests
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Objective: Multiple choice questions. Form is always the same.
Subjective: Short question essay. How you evaluate you think we did
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Four Measurement Levels
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Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
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Nominal
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Assessment of equality or difference
Categorical: Usually word descriptions, but can be numbers
(blones vs brunettes)
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Ordinal
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Specific order
Hierarchical
1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place
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Interval
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-Numeral
-Permits statements about the equality of measurement
-Does NOT include a measure of 0 that indicates an absence of the measurement
(Temp of F scale)
CANT COMPARE
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Ratio
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-Numeral
-Permits comparison statements
-Includes a measure of 0 that indicates an absence of the measurement
(Temp in K)
CAN COMPARE because allows you to use 0
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Domains of Human Experience
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Cognitive Domain
(memory, attention, executive function)
Affective Domain
(emotion, mood, attitudes, perceptions)
Psychomotor Domain
(physiological and physical performance)
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Psychomotor Domain
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Direct observation or self report
Direct: 40 yd dash (MORE RELIABLE)
Self: Questionaire of activity leevl of past 7 days.. not concrete answers
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Fitness Assessments
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Body Comp
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Muscular Strength
Muscular Endurance
Flexibility
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Body Composition
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Body fat %, lean muscle match, etc.
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Cardiorespiratory Endurance
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VO2 max is "gold standard" (go until fatigue 100%)
OR
Submax test (heart rate gets to a certain point)
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Muscular Strength
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One rep max (squat)
can use machine or free weights depending on the person
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Muscular Endurance
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How many reps at a certain rate
can use machine or free weights depending on the person
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Flexibility
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Sit and reach
OR
Arms behind the back test (make sure to do both sides)
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Measurement Purposes
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Classification
Motivation
Achievement Assessment
Predictions
Diagnosis
Program Evaluation
Research
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Classification
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Group people together (class):
Beginners vs. Advanced
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Motivation
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Have measurements to set goals (lose 20 pinds)
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Achievement Assessment
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How far along they are in losing the weight
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Predictions
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Olympic athlete: having markers over the 4 years of training
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Diagnosis
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Want to be able to assess someone with help
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Program Evaluation
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Weight in beginning of class to weight at end. Did they lose any?
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Research
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If we cant replicate the findings of someones research = bad.
Have to be very careful with measuring or else false info.
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Careers Specialists work in:
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Wellness and fitness programs
Laboratory settings
Universities
(measurement specialist within the department)
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Careers Specialists must have knowledge about:
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Equiptment
(how to work it and the errors that can happen)
Statistics
(how to apply stats in the proper way)
Computers
(how to use a computer)
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Systematic Anatomy
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Each system of the body is studied before moving on to the next
(skeletal, muscular, nervous, etc.)
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Regional Anatomy
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Specific Regions are studied before moving on to the next
(all systems of upper limbs are examined first, etc.)
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Anatomy (definiton)
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Greek origin: "To cut"
The study of body parts and how they relate to one another
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Dissection
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Allows us to examine body structures
Cadavers (humans)
Animals
Computer simulations
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Subspecialties in Anatomy
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Gross Anatomy
Histology
Comparative Anatomy
Embryology
Developmental Anatomy
Pathological Anatomy
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Gross Anatomy
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Study of body structures (without cutting)
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Histology
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Study of tissue and cells at a microscopic level
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Comparative Anatomy
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Comparing anatomical structures of various animals
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Embryology
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Study of tissue changes from conception to birth
(Type of developmental antomy)
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Developmental Anatomy
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Anatomical changes from birth to deaht, including embryology
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Pathological Anatomy
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Changes in tissue as a result of disease
Disease states
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History of Anatomy
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Anatomy: One of the oldest branches of medicine
People have been interested in anatomy for purpose of killing of animals, treating illnesses and injuries, mummification, and religious beliefs
Government and religion have both played important roles in how science has progressed
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Hippocrates
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Father of western medicine
Greek Physician
Although many beliefs were later dispelled (because of lack of technology), one of the greatest contributions was shifting believes about disease
Disease was not caused by the gods, rather it was due to natural casues
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Aristotle
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Founder of Comparative Anatomy
Dissected and described animal biology
Developed ideas about evolution that Darwin later recognized
He was limited by his dissection of animals and being able to generalize to humans
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Herophilus
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Father of anatomy
Dissected up to 600 human bodies
First to distinguist:
1. motor and sensory nerves
2. cerebrum and cerebellum
Correctly identified the brain as being the center for intelligence
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Erasistratus
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Father of Physiology
Studied the heart and circulatory system
Unknowingly perceived the capillary system
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Claudis Galen
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Prince of Physicians
Although not always correct, the catholic church did not allow anyone to criticize his work
Correctly described the difference between arteries and veins
Arteries: Blood away from heart
Veins: Blood to heart
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Early Middle Ages of Anatomy (Dark Ages)
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Church forbade studying human body and destroyed many scientific writings
Arabian forces had previously taken many of the greek writings, which allowed them to be preserved during the middle ages
Lack of advance in learning
Faith was foundation of knowledge rather than reason
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Renaissance of Anatomy
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Increase in human dissections
Leonardo da Vinci
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Dissected and drew detailed anatomical drawings
Detailed shape of ventricles in the brain
Arteriosclerosis: Hardening of arteries
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Grays' Anatomy
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Henry Gray in 1858
Most used gross anatomy text of all time
Once considered the anatomical bible to physician training
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Why is technology important?
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LEAD TO HUGE ADVANCEMENT
Electron Microscope
Magnifies by 10 million times the normal
XRays
Based on tissue absorption of xrays
Greater density of tissue, more xrays absorbed
Used for: identifying fractures and tumors
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CT or CAT Scan
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Computerized Tomography
Utilizes computerized xrays
Yields 3d cross sections of a body part
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PET Scan
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Positron Emission Tomography
Detects metabolic activity
Radioactive isoptape is consumed and rate of absorption is recorded (brain activity)
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MRI
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Does not use x-rays or radioactive tracers --> "Safer"
Used frequently in exercise science
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DXA or DEXA
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Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
Uses multiple xray wavelengths to estimate body comp:
Fat, muscle, and bone tissue
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Exercise Physiology (Definition and application)
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DEFINITION:How the body responds and adapts to exercise
can examine:
acute responses
chronic responses
APPLICATION:
Enhance human performance and quality of life through exercise
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Exercise Physiologist Duties
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Clinical
Practitioners
Researchers
They are expected to maintain up-to-date knowledge of research, while researchers are expected to share findings with practioners.
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Clinical Physiologist Duties
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Cardia, pulmonary, and metabolic disorders
(disordered patients --> prescribe and monitor exercise)
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Practitioner Physiologist Duties
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General population and athletes
(Personal trainer --> enhance quality of life)
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Researchers
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Examine mechanisms to maximize benefits
(How to and why body responds the way it does)
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Physical Education
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Examines how to improve health and enhance human performance during physical activity
(adaptations due to exercise)
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Cardiovascular System
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Heart
Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue via blood
Removes waste products from the body
Dissipates heat
Primary components:
Heart, arteries (blood away from heart; Oxygen rich) , veins (blood back to heart; Deoxynated)
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Pulmonary System
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Lungs
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
Exercise:
-Very few (if any) adaptations to exercise
-Adaptations to the musculature that controls breathing
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Pulmonary Disease
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Includes : emphysema, asthma
- Can utilize exercise as a means to treat
Exercise Induced Asthma
-Adherence and sub-maximal performance
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Muscular System
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Primarily responsible for creating movement bu pulling on bones.
Muscular adaptations to training
-Depends on type of exercise
-Enzyme contractions (responnsible for endurance)
-Contractile protein content (responsible for increases in strength)
-Vascularization (blood supply to mu…
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Bioenergetics and Metabolism
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How energy is utilized to produce movement
ATP
-energy utilized during exercise
-made available from the breakdown of food (fat, carbohydrate, protein)
Energy source depends on type of exercise being performed and what metabolic pathway is used
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Endocrine System
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Hormones
-released by endocrine glands
-important during exercise
-examples:
growth hormone
cortisol
epinephrine
testosterone
Exogenous Hormone Supplementation
-examples: anabolic steroids - build muscle (testosterone)
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Coronary artery disease
-Primary type of cardiovascular disease
-Cholesterol and other blood lipids build on the walls of the artery; eventually causing a blockage, which leads a heart attack
Exercise decreases rick of this disease
-decreasing resting blood pressure
-improves chole…
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Nervous System (2 parts)
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Motor/Voluntary
-Motor Control : control of movement by way of skeletal muscle
-Neuromuscular Fatigue: CNS plays a major role (brain and spinal)
-Neuromuscular Adaptations to Training: Motor activation and firing rate of active muscle changes as a result of training
Autonomic/Involu…
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Immune System
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-Fights off pathogens and infections
-Study on the effects of exercise and the immune system is relatively new
Very intesnse exercise may result in short term immunosuppression (more likely to get sick)
Submaximal exercise may enhance the immune system (exercise regularly @ a goo…
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Skeletal System
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Structural and lever system
-Muscle contraction leads to movement of the system
Effects of exercise on skeletal system
-focus on bone mass
-relationship between bone density and risk of fracture in older adults and osteoporosis in post-menapausal women
Exercise will increase or m…
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Applied Study Microgravity and Spaceflight
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-Decreases in muscle mass, bone mass, and motor function
-No gravity = no resistance
-Blood pressure issues afterspace trip
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Applied Study Gerontology
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-Decrease in metobolic rate, muscle mass, and aerobic capacity when we age
-Increase in body fat
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Applied Study Spinal Cord Injury
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Rehabilitation
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Applied Study Stroke
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Disruption of blood flow to the brain
Causes death of tissue
May disrupt motor patterns - exercise can help regain motor patterns
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Applied Study Cardiac Rehabilitation
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Focuses on implementing proper exercises, nutrition, stress management, and weight management
(heart attack)
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Applied Study Pulmonary Rehabilitation
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Decrease symptoms
incrase function
reduce health care costs
-will often focus on walking
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Applied Study Body Comp and Weight Control
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Obesity:
Excess fat
Need to utilize exercise as a part of weight management program
(Balance of nutrition and exercise)
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Applied Study Diabetes
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Exercise can help regular blood glucose
High levels of physical activity shown to decrease risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Type 2: Associated with lifestyle (comes from bad health habits)
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Applied Study Pregnancy
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Direct evidence of easier labor and deliver is scare
Helps maternal health and return to fitness (if exercise during pregnancy)
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Applied Study Muscle Soreness
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DOMS (Delayed onset muscle soreness)
-eccentric: lengthening of muscle
-concentric: shortening of muscle
Suggests muscle damage
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Applied Study Environment
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Altitude:
-Higher altitude = lower pressure = lower endurance performance
Heart and Humidity:
-Heat: Sweating
-Humidity: Decreases likelyhood of sweat not being evaporated (hot places = need more water to stay cool)
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Applied Study Erogenic Aids
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Erogenic Aids
-Any substance, device, or treatment that can enhance performance
-Anabolic Steroids
Anabolic (building muscle) and androgenic (increasing testosterone) effects --> strength and power results
-Caffeine
May have positive effects on endurance performance
-Creatine Phosph…
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Applied Study Pediatrics
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Growth plate concern:
-Should we let kids lift weight if not gone through puberty?
-Guded and monitored strength training is ok; however, gains are limited before puberty
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Technology and Tools Ergometers
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Treadmill, Bicucle, Arm crank
Measures amount of work performed
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Technology and Tools Metabolic Measurements
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VO2 Max
How efficient at deliveing 02 to body
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Technology and Tools Body Composition Assessment
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Hydrostatic weight: Used to be the gold standard
DXA: Now better (easier and less intrusive)
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Technology and Tools Muscle Biopsy
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Can determine muscle fiber type percentages
Analyze a chunk of muscle
(Type 1, 2A, 2B)
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Technology and Tools EMG
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Muscle electrical activity
Surface electrodes gives information about relative strength of contraction
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Technology and Tools MRI
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Used to study activity patterns of muscle cells
(also have an FMRI)
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Final Study Guide