KINS 2010: Test 2
105 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Main goal of philosophical study of physical activity
|
To better understand human movement or, as identified in the text, physical activity
|
|
Goals of Philosophy in Physical activity
|
to understand the nature and value of health and PA, particularly in the form of exercise, sport, games, play, and dance
to understand how confident we can be about our claims in kinesiology
to understand the most important values of PA and its contribution to Quality of Living
to lear…
|
|
Different Research Methods
|
Inductive, Deductive and Descriptive
|
|
Inductive reasoning
|
Begins with specific cases to develop broad, general principles
|
|
Deductive reasoning
|
Begins with broad factual or hypothetical premises in order to determine more specific conclusions that follow from them
|
|
Descriptive reasoning
|
begins with one example of some phenomenon and describes its essential qualities, then varies different aspects of the phenomenon
|
|
Philosophic claims about values in PA
|
truth assertion
probable assertion
speculation
personal opinion
|
|
Speculative (speculation) claim example
|
about excellence as a prime purpose or value of sport
|
|
Taste or opinion
|
high-scoring basketball games are better than low-scoring
|
|
Truth assertion example
|
simply wrong to design physical education programs that are boring, dangerous, and cause already obese children to gain yet more weight
|
|
Personal Opinion
|
indication of an individuals tastes or preferences
lowest level of truth claim
true for that person but maybe not other
|
|
Speculation
|
not merely opinion but still very hard to support with evidence
could be true but we will never know for sure
ex: god exists
|
|
Probable assertions
|
a considerable amount of evidence can be gathered
likely to be true
Ex: all people are created equal
|
|
Truth Assertion
|
very difficult to question
ex: it is wrong to torture people
|
|
Tools of the trade:
|
logic, speculation, imagination, thinking
|
|
Paul Weiss
|
-Yale
-philosopher
-concerned with excellence in sport
|
|
probable assertion example
|
health an fitness should be values more as means than as ends in kinesiology
|
|
Materialism
Branches of PA philosophy
|
-metaphysics
-epistemology
-axiology
-ethics
|
|
epistemology
|
branch of philosophy that studies knowledge or how people know what they claim to know
|
|
Metaphysics
|
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with the nature of reality, that is, with what exists
|
|
Axiology
|
the branch of philosophy that examines values, the purpose of human existence, and the nature of a good life
|
|
Ethics
|
the branch of philosophy that analyzes the right behavior and the kinds of responsibilities that individuals have toward others and themselves
|
|
Eleanor Metheny & Howard Slusher
|
-USC cali
-most important physical educators in the new vanguard of philosophy (1960's)
|
|
3 reasons the field of PA philosophy grew slowly:
|
1. classes were scarce
2. many parent discipline philosophers preferred not to be associated with a group that studied sport
3. early members of the field produced abstract work in order to separate themselves, hard to read
|
|
Materialism
|
a position on human nature that describes the person as made of only one thing--namely, atoms
|
|
Holism
|
when applied to the nature of persons, a position that underscores the interdependence and interrelatedness of thought and physicality
|
|
Dualism
|
when applied to the nature of persons, a doctrine that emphasized the radical distinctiveness and independence of mind and body
|
|
Sport
|
physical activity in which movement is performed to achieve a specific goal in a manner specified by established rules and in competitive contexts
|
|
Games
|
created by a set of rules that specify a goal to be achieved and limit the means that participants can use to reach the goal
|
|
Sports and skills
|
the rulebook of each sport indicates the set of motor skills that the game is designed to test
a set of motor skills provides each sport with idiosyncratic characteristics that make it unique
motor skill represent the standards of excellence by which players evaluate their performance
|
|
Sports
|
games in which motor skills are tested
rules make game possible
can be competitive or non competitive
|
|
Competition
|
the attempt to determine athletic superiority
values excellent play
|
|
Duty like sport
|
participation justified by the beneficial effects of the sport (utility)
something we must do becuase of what it does for us
|
|
Play like sport
|
justified by intrinsic value
focused on what we are doing for its own sake
|
|
Two potent combinations
|
the combination of PA (sport) and play is a powerful incentive to get us moving
PA (sport) and play PLUS competition can be even more powerful to get us moving
|
|
Physical Activity Values
|
Values are our conceptions about the importance of things
Values promoted in
Health related physical fitness
knowledge about the human body, physical activity, and health practices
Motor skill
Activity is related to pleasure or fun
not mutually exclusive
|
|
Sport ethics
|
formulating defensible standards of behavior
No one counts more than anyone else
rule bending or intentional harm to an opponent is not justifiable
|
|
Basic behavioral guidelines for sport
|
Follow the rules
respect your opponent
strive to bring out the best performance in one another
care about your opponents well being as much as your own
|
|
Why follow the rules of sport?
|
cheating alters and destroys the sport
|
|
Why respect your opponent?
|
your opponent is a partner who shares your interests and passion
|
|
Why should we strive to bring out the best in each other?
|
recognize and celebrate athletic excellence, your own as well as your opponents
|
|
Why care about opponents well being?
|
opponent is integral to the contest
|
|
O' Bannon Lawsuit implications
|
will be able to offer additional 2000-5000 per year
pay for post season travel for families
increase athlete health care coverage
ease restrictions on athlete/agent contact
|
|
Reason to study physical activity history?
|
the history of physical activity teaches us about change as well as stability in the past, which helps us understand the past as well as the present and make reasonable decisions for the future
|
|
Goals of a physical activity historian
|
1. identify and describe patterns of change and stability in PA in particular societies or cultures during specific time periods
2. Analyze patterns of change and stability in PA in particular societies or cultures during specific time periods
|
|
Research methods in history of PA
|
primary sources
secondary sources
authenticity
credibility
|
|
Primary sources
|
written in the time period when the topic discussed occurred
|
|
Secondary sources
|
written after topic occured
|
|
Rule of context
|
does it relate to the time period and people
|
|
Rule of perspective
|
examine the author's reaction to the even. Are they bias or truthful?
|
|
Rule of omission or free editing
|
you do not get the full details of an event from one source so it is necessary to collect a lot of data
|
|
1840-1900
|
industrialization and westward expansion
civil war
YMCA opened in 1851
school activities includes intercollegiate sports
boys did more vigorous while women moderate
|
|
1900-1950
|
consumerism
immigration
democratization
|
|
Focus in history
|
participation in PA
PA professions
scholarly knowledge in PA
|
|
1840-1900 recommendations for PA
|
vigorous for boys and men
moderate for girls and women
|
|
YMCA and YWCA
|
YMCA founded in 1851
YWCA founded in 1858
|
|
PA participation
|
immigration and sport clubs focused on their traditions
intercollegiate sports control went to university control instead of student
|
|
PA professions in late 19th century
|
beginning of the physical education teaching profession
|
|
What year was the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education form?
|
1885
|
|
1900-1950 sports
|
competitive sport for males
sport at center of school and college PE
golden age of sport
Military and WWII
all american girls prof. baseball
|
|
When was the golden age of sport
|
1900-1950
|
|
PA professions 1900-1950
|
degree programs in PE expand
Coaches
athletic trainers
physical therapists
|
|
1950s to present
|
tv
computers/electronics
globalization
korean war
vietnam war
iraq and afghanistan war
|
|
PA participation 1950-present
|
increase in sport participants and spectators
girls and women in sport; Title IX (1972)
african americans in sport
|
|
Reasons to study the history of PA
|
learn about disciplines past
learn about societal influences on PA
Learn about YOUR past
consider what might happen in the future
|
|
Sociology
|
study of the social worlds that people create, organize, maintain, and change through their relationships with each other
|
|
Precise definition of sports
|
well established, competitive PA in which participants are motivated by internal and external awards
|
|
Pros and cons of precise definition of sport
|
Pros: allows sport to be distinguished from other activities and provides a common focus for people doing research and developing theories
Cons: privileges people with the resources to organize competitive games and the interest in doing so, also overlooks those without resources or incl…
|
|
dramatic spectacle
|
performance meant to entertain an audience
|
|
Sociology of sport
|
sport reflects, reinforce, and sometimes provides resistance to dominant cultural beliefs
gender, class, race, sport and education/globalization
|
|
Sports are what
|
contested activites,
social constructions
sociology is tool for studying it
not static activities
|
|
Ideologies
|
webs of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to the world and make sense of their experiences
|
|
Sports are integrated into the major spheres of social life
|
family
education
religion
economy
politics
media
|
|
Statistics on womans and mens participation
|
1977, only 295k girls in HS and there were 3.67 million boys
richard nixon "father of womens collegiate sports"
|
|
Who was the father of womens collegiate sport?
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
Who is Kye Allum
|
biological female who prefers to be referred to as a male
|
|
Ethnic group
|
group of people who share important and distinct cultural traditions
|
|
Race
|
group of people who are defined by society as different from others on the basis of genetically inherited traits
|
|
Position allocation (stacking hypothesis)
|
black people cant play Quarterback
|
|
Upper class in sport
|
attend and play activities that are socially exclusive and involve conspicuous consumption
|
|
Middle Class in sport
|
attend and play activities that are community sponsored or structured leisured
|
|
Lower and working class in sport
|
are involved in more sedentary sport experiences
|
|
Stacking hypothesis
|
physical capabilities but not cognitive abilities for leadership positions
|
|
Motor behavior
|
study of how motor skills are learned
|
|
Motor learning
|
to understand how motor skills are controlled
|
|
motor control
|
to understand how the learning and control of motor skills changes over the lifetime
|
|
motor development
|
to explain how the process such as feedback and practice improve the learning and performance of motor skills
|
|
Skill Acquisition
|
Biology
cognition
learning
|
|
Motor learning
|
the goal is to understand the role of practice, feedback, and individual differences
Before practice
goal setting
instructions
demonstrations
|
|
Types of feedback
|
knowledge of performance
knowledge of results
|
|
Knowledge of performance
|
Intrinsic feedback "that throw felt good"
Extrinsic "nice job of setting you.. could you release the ball even quicker"
|
|
Knowledge of results
|
intrinsic "right on the money...shes out"
extrinsic "the runner is out"
|
|
Stages of Motor Learning
|
Cognitive-understanding what needs to be done to execute the skill
Associative-can perform basic components of the tasks; consistent errors; discrete adjustments in performance errors
Autonomous-task can be completed automatically without having to pay direct cognitive attention
|
|
Motor programs are
|
memory mechanisms that allow movements to be controlled
|
|
Motor Control: Five Areas of Research
|
Degrees of freedom: coordination of movement
motor equivalency
serial order of movements: coarticulation
Perceptual integration during movement
skill acquisition
|
|
Goals of Motor Development is to explain how
|
motor learning and control improve during childhood and adolescence
motor learning and control deteriorate with aging
|
|
Developmental motor learning and control
|
goal is to understand skill acquisition across the lifespan
|
|
Characteristics of Philosophic Thinking
|
Philosophers reflect more than they measure, and their reflections range from informed opinions to truth claims
|
|
Research methods
|
Inductive
Deductive
Descriptive
|
|
Knowledge in the Philosophy of PA
|
how we deal with people--how we cure them, educate them, or teach them sport skills
sport is a game in which motor skills are tested
|
|
Values Promoted by the Field of Physical Activity
|
Fitness, Knowledge, skill and pleasure
|
|
Why study history of Physical activity?
|
history of physical activity teaches us about changes as well as stability in the past, and this helps us understand the present and also make reasonable decisions for the future
|
|
Research methods in history
|
historical research involves finding resources that contain evidence of past events, critiquing the sources for authenticity and credibility, and analyzing the data contained in the sources to learn how and why things happened
|
|
What is the focus of sociology in PA?
|
shared beliefs and social practices that constitute specific forms of physical activity
|
|
Research methods used in sociology of PA
|
interviewing, survey research, thematic analysis, ethnography, societal analysis and historical anaylsis
|
Final Study Guide