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Exercise
Performance of any physical activity for the purpose of conditioning the body, imporving health, maintining fitness, or correcting bodily functions to a state of health. (purposeful movement)
Science
Systematic attempt to establish theories to explain obsereved phenomena and the knowledge obtained through these efforts
Exercise Sceince
How and why the body responds to physical activity Very diverse field of study The study of exercise Actute VS. Chronic
Acute Vs. Chronic
Acute: How the body is affected right after exercise Chronic: Overall adaptation to exercise
Primary Areas of Exercise Science
Health related aspects of physical activity (improving physical health and well-being throughout the lifespan) Sports Performance (Enhancing and improving sport performance) [General population vs. Athletes] Both have diverse areas of study: Physiology, nutrition, biomechanics…
History of Exercise Science (1960s)
1960s Exercise science became a cohesive field and an academic discipline
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
1954 (developed) Aims to promote exercise science and sports medicine as a means to enhance aspects of health, fitness, physical abilities, and sport performance
Exercise Science: Areas of Study
Anatomy Physiology Exercise Physiology Kinesiology Biomechanics Epidemiology Exercise and Sport Nutrition Motor Learning and Motor Control Exercise and Sport Psychology
Anatomy
Organ structure and function
Physiology
Processes and Functions
Exercise Physiology
Acute responses and chronic adapatations How long exercise affects post and long term
Kinesiology
Human Motion
Biomechanics
Mechanical principles
Epidemiology
Probability of disease and injury Long term affects of exercise (decrease of disease)
Exercise and Sport Nutrition
Dietary needs for health and sport performance
Motor Learning and Motor Control
Acquistion and control of movement
Exercise and Sport Psychology
Pshyological constructs/dysfunctions and optimal sport performance Exercise: general population (fatigue, enhance cognition) Sport: enhance performance of athlete
Emergence of Exercise Science
Science Based principles for exercise Debunk exercise myths (no pain, no gain) Methodical training of athletes (optimize athlete vs. burn out) Optimizing health and fitness
Academic Programs
Basic Standards for the Professional Preparations in Exercise Science Foundational Core Exercise Prescription Health Promotion Human Relations Professional Development Practical Experience
Exercise Prescription
Cardio vs. strength program
Health Promotion
Weight management
Health Relations
Relate to humans. Motivate people.
Practical Experience
Internship Knowing its what you want to do.
Potential Career Opportunities
Clinical and Rehabilitation (cardiac rehab, massage therapy) Professional Schools (physical therapy, physicians assisant) Private Sector (personal training, dietician) Teacher, Researcher, and or Coach (Professor, strength and conditioning coach)
Why Measurement is Important
Research (make sure measurements are valuable and reliable) Normative Data (have normative data from population to compare patient to) Track goals/progess (track patients progress)
Measurement
Assigning a number based on individual attributes (height, fat, etc.)
Evaluation
Statement of equality about the measurement (Putting a quailty to the number: very tall for a 6'7" person)
Accuracy
Direct VS. Indirect Measurements Direct: Use ruler to see how far they jump Indirect: Depression (something you cannot easily see)
Validity
Measures what it is intended to measure Degree of truthfulness (measuring what you set out to measure: weight not height)
Reliabilty
Repeatability of a measure A measure MUST be reliable in order for it to be vaild, however a measurement can be reliable but not valid (every time you take their amount of fat --> it is the same every time) Need at least 3 measurements to determind if reliable
Three types of validity
Content Validity Criterion Validity Construct Validity
Content Validity
Degree to which the task represents the actual content to be assessed (40 yard dash in football; sit and reach) Cannot say a football player is good all because he had a good 40 yard dash time
Criterion Validity
Correlation between a measurement and the criterion "gold standard" for the measurement (Body fat assessment; VO2 max) Skin fold (to get body fat) is not good enough alone. Correlate that and dexa scan (used for body composition: gives body fat percent, bone fat, and lean muscle tis…
Construct Validity
Degree to which a test measures an intangible quality or attribute (construct) (Depression, mental fatigue) For psychological measures: cant see it, but can feel it
Four ways to assess Reliability
Test-Retest Equivalence Split-halves Intraclass
Test-Retest
Same participants complete the assessment twice Take an exam twice. If reliable = about the same score
Equivalence
Two similar (equivalent) measurements of the same characteristic are compared Dexa scan and skin fold should be about the same results
Split-Halves
Half of the assessment is compared with the other half Good for depression questionaires. Can compare the odds and evens.
Intraclass
Comparing multiple assessments (>2) Do 4 sprints = how reliable
Objectivity
Subset of reliability
Objective tests VS. Subjective Tests
Objective: Multiple choice questions. Form is always the same. Subjective: Short question essay. How you evaluate you think we did
Four Measurement Levels
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Nominal
Assessment of equality or difference Categorical: Usually word descriptions, but can be numbers (blones vs brunettes)
Ordinal
Specific order Hierarchical 1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place
Interval
-Numeral -Permits statements about the equality of measurement -Does NOT include a measure of 0 that indicates an absence of the measurement (Temp of F scale) CANT COMPARE
Ratio
-Numeral -Permits comparison statements -Includes a measure of 0 that indicates an absence of the measurement (Temp in K) CAN COMPARE because allows you to use 0
Domains of Human Experience
Cognitive Domain (memory, attention, executive function) Affective Domain (emotion, mood, attitudes, perceptions) Psychomotor Domain (physiological and physical performance)
Psychomotor Domain
Direct observation or self report Direct: 40 yd dash (MORE RELIABLE) Self: Questionaire of activity leevl of past 7 days.. not concrete answers
Fitness Assessments
Body Comp Cardiorespiratory Endurance Muscular Strength Muscular Endurance Flexibility
Body Composition
Body fat %, lean muscle match, etc.
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
VO2 max is "gold standard" (go until fatigue 100%) OR Submax test (heart rate gets to a certain point)
Muscular Strength
One rep max (squat) can use machine or free weights depending on the person
Muscular Endurance
How many reps at a certain rate can use machine or free weights depending on the person
Flexibility
Sit and reach OR Arms behind the back test (make sure to do both sides)
Measurement Purposes
Classification Motivation Achievement Assessment Predictions Diagnosis Program Evaluation Research
Classification
Group people together (class): Beginners vs. Advanced
Motivation
Have measurements to set goals (lose 20 pinds)
Achievement Assessment
How far along they are in losing the weight
Predictions
Olympic athlete: having markers over the 4 years of training
Diagnosis
Want to be able to assess someone with help
Program Evaluation
Weight in beginning of class to weight at end. Did they lose any?
Research
If we cant replicate the findings of someones research = bad. Have to be very careful with measuring or else false info.
Careers Specialists work in:
Wellness and fitness programs Laboratory settings Universities (measurement specialist within the department)
Careers Specialists must have knowledge about:
Equiptment (how to work it and the errors that can happen) Statistics (how to apply stats in the proper way) Computers (how to use a computer)
Systematic Anatomy
Each system of the body is studied before moving on to the next (skeletal, muscular, nervous, etc.)
Regional Anatomy
Specific Regions are studied before moving on to the next (all systems of upper limbs are examined first, etc.)
Anatomy (definiton)
Greek origin: "To cut" The study of body parts and how they relate to one another
Dissection
Allows us to examine body structures Cadavers (humans) Animals Computer simulations
Subspecialties in Anatomy
Gross Anatomy Histology Comparative Anatomy Embryology Developmental Anatomy Pathological Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Study of body structures (without cutting)
Histology
Study of tissue and cells at a microscopic level

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