BIOLOGY 315: EXAM 1
42 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
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broken back
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compressed or fractured vertebral bodies. dangerous to the spinal cord.
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kyphosis
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increase in the curve of the thoracic spine. exaggerated causes hump back. caused by poor posture, disc problems, or osteoporosis
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Lordosis
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increase in the curve of the lumbar spine. exaggerated produces sway back or saddle back. due to obesity or muscular problems in hip region.
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laminectomy
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surgical removal of a lamina to expose vertebral canal contents or repair herniated disc.
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maxillofacial fracture
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involve bones in the facial skeleton.
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Nasal bone fractures
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most common maxillofacial fracture.
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Tripod fracture
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zygomatic bone fracture in 3 places; where the zygomatic bone attaches to the frontal bone, maxilla, and zygomatic arch
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LeFort fractures
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involve maxilla, ethmoid, sphenoid, and nasal bones.
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median sternotomy
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incision through the midline of the sternum, surgical access to organs in thoracic cavity
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osteoporosis
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disease of bones in which bone mineral density is reduced in bone tissue. changes microanatomy, weakens, and increases risk of fracture of bones
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rib resection
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removal of part of a rib in order to gain surgical access to thoracic cavity
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scoliosis
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abnormal lateral curvature of vertebral column
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spina bifida
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defect in vertebral column marked by absence of vertebral arches, through which spinal cord protrude
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spinal fusion
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grafting of new bone-forming cells between bodies of adjacent vertebrae after damaged intervertebral discs have been removed
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Plane joints
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intercarpal joints
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hinge joints
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articulation between humerus and ulna at elbow.
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pivot joints
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articulation between humerus and radius at elbow
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condyloid joints
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articulation between distal radius and first carpal bones.
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saddle joints
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carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
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ball-and-socket joints
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shoulder and hip joints
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shoulder separation
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coracoclavicular ligament is torn, entire shoulder drops due to weight
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shoulder dislocation
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displacement of bones, most occur inferiorly.
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ankle sprains
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anterior talofibular ligament is most commonly damaged (violent inversion of ankle).
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Broken hip
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fracture of the femur at the hip joint.
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Torn meniscus
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most common knee injury, caused by twisting motions while knee is flexed.
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Cruciate and collateral ligament tears
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ACL most commonly damaged by sudden twisting. Collateral damaged by blow to lateral side.
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Unhappy Triad
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damamge to ACL, medial collateral, and medial meniscus
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OsGood-Schlatter disease
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common cause of knee pain in adolescents. over use injury.
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Prolapsed Disc
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deviation of nucleus pulposus due to degernation of annulus fibrosus
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external oblique
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Origin: lower ribs
Insertion: Iliac crest and linea alba
Actions: external and internal compress abdomen
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internal oblique
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Origin: Iliac crest and inguinal ligament
insertion: lower ribs and linea alba
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rectus abdominis
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origin: pubic bone
insertion: costal cartilages and xiphoid process
action: flexes the trunk on the pelvis
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pectoralis major
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origin: clavicle, sternum and ribs
insertion: intertubercular sulcus of humerus
action: adducts, flexes, and medially rotates arm
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pectoralis minor
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origin: ribs 2-5
insertion: coracoid process of scapula
action: depress and protract shoulder
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serratus anterior
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origin: ribs 2-9
insertion: medial border of scapula
action: protracts shoulder
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trapezius
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origin: nuchal lines of occipital bone
insertion: clavicle
actions: descending part elevates shoulder
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latissimus dorsi
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origin: lower thoracic
insertion: intertubercular sulcus of humerus
actions: adducts arm
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rhomboids
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origin: upper thoracic spinous process
insertion: medial border of scapula
action: adducts scapula
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levator scapulae
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origin: transverse process of cervicle vertebrae
insertion: upper medial border of scapula
action: elevates scapula
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deltoid
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origin: clavicle
insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
action: abducts arm
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supraspinatus
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origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
action: abducts arm
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infraspinatus
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prigin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
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BIOLOGY 315: EXAM 4