BIOM 315 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Organ Systema. Cardiovascular systemb. Respiratory systemc. Nervous systemd. Muscular systemII. Anatomical and Regional termsIII. Orientation and Directional termsOutline of Current Lecture I. The human body planII. Body Cavities and MembranesIII. Microscopy anatomya. Light Microscopyb. Electron Microscopyc. Transmission Electron MicroscopyIV. Introduction to cell anatomya. Plasma membraneCurrent Lecture- The human body plano Tube within a tubeo Bilateral symmetryo Dorsal, hollow nerve chordo Notochord and vertebraeo Segmentationo Pharyngeal slitsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o- Phylum Chordatao Sea squirts: chordate, chordate body plan present for about 500 million years- Basic human body plan and structures shared with all vertebrateso- The basic body plano Skino Trunk muscleso Body cavity (coelom) and digestive tubeo Kidneys and gonadso Limbs- Tube within a tube plus kidneys, gonads and limbso- Body Cavities and Membraneso Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavityo Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts- Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity- Mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts- Abdominal cavity contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs- Pelvic cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectumoo serous cavities: lined by a serous memebrane (secretes fluid, reduces friction) mesothelium – single layer of flattened cells- supported by thin connective tissue layer Parietal serosa – membrane covering inner layer of the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa – membrane covering visceral organs - Both are continuous- Body Cavities and membranes the hearto- Body Cavities and membranes the lungso- Body Cavites and membranes – the viscerao- Other Body cavitieso Oral cavityo Nasal cavityo Orbital cavitieso Middle ear cavitieso Synovial cavitieso- Microscopic anatomyo Microscopy: examining small structures through a microscope Light microscopy (LM) – illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification) Electron microscopy (EM) – uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)- Scanning EM (SEM) – looks at surface topography- Transmission EM (TEM) – looks at structures within cellso Preparing tissue for microscopy Specimen is fixed (preserved) using chemical fixatives- Ethyl alcohol – not good preservation- Formalin (formaldehde) – LM- Paraformaldehyde - EM- Glutaraldehyde - EM- Osmium tetroxide – EMo Fixed specimen is sectioned using microtome Sclices off thin portions of tissueo Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures Acidic stain: negatively charged dye molecules- Binds to positive chares in tissue (proteins) Basic stain: positively charged dye molecules- Binds to negative charges (nucleic acids in nucleus)o Hematoxylin (basic, blue) and Eosin (acidic, pink) (H&E) – common LM staino EM stains: heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the beam to different extents Ex. Uranyl acetate (uranium salt), Osmium tetroxide (heavy metal)o Artifacts Minor distortions of preserved tissues Not exactly like living tissues and organs- Electron Microscopyo TEMo SEM - Clinical anatomy – An introduction to medical imaging techniqueso X-ray: electromagnetic waves of very short length Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures Negative image – dense structure appear light, less dense appear dark- Advanced X-Ray Techniqueso Computed axial tomography (CT or CAT): takes successive X rays around a person’s full circumference Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section  Viewed in transverse plane- Advanced imaging techniqueso Positron Emission tomography (PET): forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body Isotopes usually incorporated into sugars – accumulate in metabolically active tissueso Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): produces high-quality images of soft tissues Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content Powerful magnets alter spin of hydrogen atoms When magnets shut off, radio waves emitted by atoms are detected and used to form imageo Sonography (ultrasound imaging): body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus- Introduction to Cell anatomyo Cells: the smallest living units in our bodies About 252 different kindso Cells have 3 main components: Plasma membrane – plasmalemma; forms the boundary of each cell Cytoplasm (cytosol + organelles)- Organelles – little organs – carry out essential functions of cells Nucleus- Structure of a Generalized Cello- The plasma membraneo Fluid mosaic model: phospholipid (most abundant component) bilayer interspersed withprotein and cholesterol Phospholipids oreiented in opposite direction within bilayero Some carbohydrate attached to membrane proteins – glycocalyx: cell-cell recognition and attachmento Types of membrane proteins Integral proteins – firmly imbedded in, or attached to, lipid bilayer (ex: ion channels, carrier proteins, enzymes, receptors) Peripheral proteins – attach to membrane surface (most on inner portion of bilayer; most attach to cytoskeletal