44 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Francis Galton
|
better senses = smarter,
intelligence as a genetic factor
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
Developed first intelligence test
|
|
Mental Age
|
Age at which a child's intellectual performance is typical
|
|
General Intelligence "g"
|
hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people, smarter = more "g"
|
|
Gardner
|
studied those with mental disabilities who have a special ability in a specific brain area, emphasized specificity of intelligence instead of common core - multiple intelligences
|
|
Fluid intelligence
|
The capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
|
|
Crystallized intelligence
|
Accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time
|
|
IQ
|
Intelligence Quotient: Determining whether child is developing typically
(Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100 = IQ
|
|
Flynn Effect
|
Average IQ of the population rises over time
|
|
WAIS
|
adult intelligence test
Assesses various mental abilities - vocab, arithmetic, spatial ability, reasoning about proverbs, and general knowledge about the world
5 major scores: Overall IQ, Verbal comprehension, Perceptual reasoning, Working memory, and Processing speed
|
|
WISC
|
version of the WAIS developed for older children & adolescents
|
|
Raven's
|
culture-fair intelligence test
Consists of abstract reasoning items that don’t depend on language - pick out geometric pattern in a sequence - **"g"**
|
|
Person-Situation debate
|
Is behavior controlled by personality or situations?
|
|
Walter Mischel
|
Behavior is determined by the situation
|
|
Self-Report Inventories
|
Direct, face-valid measures
Assume that people understand themselves enough to answer the questions correctly, honesty
|
|
Projective Tests
|
Indirect measures, needed to get at deeper (unconscious) aspects of personality, tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret, takes more time
|
|
Nomothetic
|
"compared with others" approach to personality
|
|
Idiographic
|
Unique constellation of special attributes & life experiences, focus on individual (approach to personality)
|
|
Gordon Allport - idiographic approach to personality
|
· Cardinal Traits: extremely pervasive in a person’s life
· Central Dispositions: a few traits that stand out in a person
· Secondary Dispositions: less salient characteristics (ex: habits), seen only in certain settings
|
|
Lexical Hypothesis/Approach
|
The most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language, all meaningful individual differences have been “encoded” in language
If a trait has more words for it in a culture, it is more important in that culture
|
|
Factor Analysis
|
a statistical approach used to determine how many concepts are measured by a set of questions, helps to narrow down pool of possible traits
|
|
Neuroticism
|
tense, moody, anxious, vulnerable, negative emotions, overreaction to stress (one of the Big 5)
|
|
Psychic Determinism
|
All psychological events have a cause, we aren’t free to choose our actions due to inner forces that are outside our awareness
(Freudian assumption)
|
|
Symbolic Meaning
|
all actions are attributable to mental causes, meanings (Freudian assumption)
|
|
Unconscious Motivation
|
the unconscious has greater importance in the causes of our personality than the conscious (Freudian assumption)
|
|
Defense Mechanisms
|
Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
|
|
Repression
|
Motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories/impulses (Defense mechanism)
|
|
Regression
|
Returning psychologically to a younger and safer time (Defense mechanism)
|
|
Reaction-formation
|
Transforming an anxiety-producing experience into its opposite (Defense mechanism) - act opposite of feelings
|
|
Projection
|
Unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others (Defense mechanism)
|
|
Identification with the aggressor
|
Adopting the psychological characteristics of people we find threatening - man who was beaten as a child beats his own kids (Defense mechanism)
|
|
Sublimation
|
Transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired and socially valued goal (Defense mechanism)
|
|
Strange Situation Test
|
Evaluates attachment styles by observing 1 yr olds’ reactions to being separated from & then reunited with their mothers
|
|
Infant Attachment Relationships
|
o Secure attachment – uses mom as secure base, source of support in times of trouble, parents who respond to child’s distress with comfort
o Insecure-avoidant attachment – independent, no distress @ mom’s departure, little reaction 4 return
o Insecure-anxious attachment – needs m…
|
|
Harry Harlow
|
Study with monkeys - · Contact comfort: Positive emotions caused by touch, not nourishment (didn't spend as much time with milk mother)
|
|
Long-term consequences of the secure attachment style
|
o Secure people have well-integrated views of self and others, more positive emotions in relationships
o Avoidant people have poorly integrated, disconnected views
o Anxious people have conflicted, chaotic views, use dysfunctional conflict resolution tactics but only when trying …
|
|
Natural Selection
|
Genes that improve survival and reproductive success get passed on in larger numbers to the next generation
|
|
Selective Breeding
|
(Rapid Evolution) Breeding animals to have certain traits
|
|
Human brain is specialized to...
|
· Learn language
· Fear snakes, spiders, heights
· Detect healthy/unhealthy others
· Identify “cheaters” in groups
|
|
Sexual Dimorphism
|
The average size difference between males and females in a species (usually males larger)
o It is less when both sexes invest in offspring more equally; it is reversed when males invest more than females
|
|
Parental Investment Theory
|
If the female invests more in offspring (bear the child, etc.) the males will compete for the females because of this resource
|
|
Males have evolved to detect females who:
|
o Can have viable children
o Are not likely to mate with other men
|
|
Females have evolved to detect males who:
|
o Will pass desirable traits onto their offspring
o Will invest resources in them/their offspring
|
|
Inclusive Fitness
|
You share a proportion of your genes with your relatives, you can affect your relatives by investing in them/supporting them & therefore pass on genes
|
PSY 1001: CHAPTER 5