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PSY 1001: EXAM 3
Francis Galton
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better senses = smarter,
intelligence as a genetic factor
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Alfred Binet
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Developed first intelligence test
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Mental Age
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Age at which a child's intellectual performance is typical
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General Intelligence "g"
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hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people, smarter = more "g"
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Gardner
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studied those with mental disabilities who have a special ability in a specific brain area, emphasized specificity of intelligence instead of common core - multiple intelligences
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Fluid intelligence
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The capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
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Crystallized intelligence
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Accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time
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IQ
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Intelligence Quotient: Determining whether child is developing typically
(Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100 = IQ
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Flynn Effect
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Average IQ of the population rises over time
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WAIS
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adult intelligence test
Assesses various mental abilities - vocab, arithmetic, spatial ability, reasoning about proverbs, and general knowledge about the world
5 major scores: Overall IQ, Verbal comprehension, Perceptual reasoning, Working memory, and Processing speed
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WISC
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version of the WAIS developed for older children & adolescents
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Raven's
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culture-fair intelligence test
Consists of abstract reasoning items that don’t depend on language - pick out geometric pattern in a sequence - **"g"**
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Person-Situation debate
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Is behavior controlled by personality or situations?
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Walter Mischel
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Behavior is determined by the situation
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Self-Report Inventories
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Direct, face-valid measures
Assume that people understand themselves enough to answer the questions correctly, honesty
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Projective Tests
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Indirect measures, needed to get at deeper (unconscious) aspects of personality, tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret, takes more time
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Nomothetic |
"compared with others" approach to personality
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Idiographic
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Unique constellation of special attributes & life experiences, focus on individual (approach to personality)
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Gordon Allport - idiographic approach to personality
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· Cardinal Traits: extremely pervasive in a person’s life
· Central Dispositions: a few traits that stand out in a person
· Secondary Dispositions: less salient characteristics (ex: habits), seen only in certain settings
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Lexical Hypothesis/Approach
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The most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language, all meaningful individual differences have been “encoded” in language
If a trait has more words for it in a culture, it is more important in that culture
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Factor Analysis
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a statistical approach used to determine how many concepts are measured by a set of questions, helps to narrow down pool of possible traits
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Neuroticism |
tense, moody, anxious, vulnerable, negative emotions, overreaction to stress (one of the Big 5)
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Psychic Determinism
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All psychological events have a cause, we aren’t free to choose our actions due to inner forces that are outside our awareness
(Freudian assumption)
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Symbolic Meaning
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all actions are attributable to mental causes, meanings (Freudian assumption)
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Unconscious Motivation
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the unconscious has greater importance in the causes of our personality than the conscious (Freudian assumption)
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Defense Mechanisms
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Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
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Repression
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Motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories/impulses (Defense mechanism)
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Regression
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Returning psychologically to a younger and safer time (Defense mechanism)
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Reaction-formation
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Transforming an anxiety-producing experience into its opposite (Defense mechanism) - act opposite of feelings
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Projection |
Unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others (Defense mechanism)
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Identification with the aggressor
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Adopting the psychological characteristics of people we find threatening - man who was beaten as a child beats his own kids (Defense mechanism)
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Sublimation
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Transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired and socially valued goal (Defense mechanism)
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Strange Situation Test
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Evaluates attachment styles by observing 1 yr olds’ reactions to being separated from & then reunited with their mothers
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Infant Attachment Relationships
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o Secure attachment – uses mom as secure base, source of support in times of trouble, parents who respond to child’s distress with comfort
o Insecure-avoidant attachment – independent, no distress @ mom’s departure, little reaction 4 return
o Insecure-anxious attachment – needs mom’s assistance, shows distress @ stranger enters, panics when mom leaves, mixed reaction upon return
o Disorganized attachment – inconsistent and confused set of responses
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Harry Harlow
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Study with monkeys - · Contact comfort: Positive emotions caused by touch, not nourishment (didn't spend as much time with milk mother)
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Long-term consequences of the secure attachment style
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o Secure people have well-integrated views of self and others, more positive emotions in relationships
o Avoidant people have poorly integrated, disconnected views
o Anxious people have conflicted, chaotic views, use dysfunctional conflict resolution tactics but only when trying to resolve a major relationship problem
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Natural Selection
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Genes that improve survival and reproductive success get passed on in larger numbers to the next generation
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Selective Breeding
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(Rapid Evolution) Breeding animals to have certain traits
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Human brain is specialized to...
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· Learn language
· Fear snakes, spiders, heights
· Detect healthy/unhealthy others
· Identify “cheaters” in groups
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Sexual Dimorphism
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The average size difference between males and females in a species (usually males larger)
o It is less when both sexes invest in offspring more equally; it is reversed when males invest more than females
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Parental Investment Theory
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If the female invests more in offspring (bear the child, etc.) the males will compete for the females because of this resource
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Males have evolved to detect females who:
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o Can have viable children
o Are not likely to mate with other men
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Females have evolved to detect males who:
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o Will pass desirable traits onto their offspring
o Will invest resources in them/their offspring
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Inclusive Fitness
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You share a proportion of your genes with your relatives, you can affect your relatives by investing in them/supporting them & therefore pass on genes
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