Psy 1001 Summer 2012 Exam 3 will cover lectures on Development Emotion Personality Evolutionary Psychology and Individual differences Intelligence BG Gender differences The related chapters in the textbook are 9 10 11 and 14 Development 1 What is habituation Decreased response to a stimulation with longer exposure How is it used to study infant abilities Pattern discrimination face perception learning and memory category learning emotional expression language development 2 At birth babies have the abilities to 1 recognize patterns 2 respond to their mother s voices 3 learn We saw three videos illustrating the research behind these claims What was the evidence that babies can learn events infants readily learn connections between events and own actions recall connection later infants remember events as sequences of actions with beginning and ends 3 What is a cross sectional study Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time What is a longitudinal study Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time What is a cohort Effects due to the fact that sets of people who lived during one time period cohorts can differ systematically from sets of people who lived in a different time period 4 What emotions are found in babies at birth Interest disgust distress contentment What emotions appear between 2 4 months Anger sadness surprise fear 5 What is the effect of deprivation on development Slows development Define teratogen Identify some common teratogens Chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause harm Alcohol drugs cortisone Identify the causes and symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome FAS Causes alcohol Symptoms problems with attention and memory hyperactivity poor motor control 6 The lecturer provided two examples of how enrichment can enhance development the visual cliff and the sticky mitten intervention What does each of these suggest about innate abilities and the impact of experience on development Visual Cliff Psychological apparatus for studying the depth perception and emotion of fear in babies Place infants on glass box and have them crawl to the other side Older infants whom have been crawling for over 41 days will not cross Younger infants whom have only been crawling for 11 days will cross Sticky Mitten Allows infants to apprehend objects by swiping at them due to the Velcro mittens that they are wearing Measured infants perception of reaches as goal directed The 3 month olds with experience of sticky mitten acted like 6 month olds in the habituation group because they were surprised as the human reached for the new object They saw it as object directed Is enrichment always a good idea 7 What is the great debate in developmental psychology Is cognitive development in stages or continuous Who is Jean Piaget A man who studied cognitive development What was his theory of development stages or continuous Stages 8 Describe the cognitive processes of assimilation and accommodation Assimilation Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures Accommodation Piagetian process of altering a belief that make it more compatible with experience when you can no longer assimilate your experiences into your schema you have to alter it accommodation What is a schema and what is it used for Primary concepts to be more efficient 9 What are Piaget s four stages of cognitive development Sensory motor stage birth 2 years characterized by focus on here and now can do mental representation think about things that aren t in immediate surroundings lack object permanence Preoperational stage 2 7 years the ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them can use symbols of language drawings and objects representational thought hampered by egocentrism Concrete operational stage 7 11 years ability to form mental operations on physical events only can do concrete thinking conservation tasks no longer egocentric Formal operations stage doesn t emerge until adolescents ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond here and now can do abstract thinking How do researchers define when one has moved from one stage to the next Describe the changes in cognitive functioning revealed by the classic conservation tests pouring colored water into different size containers lining up pennies Once they are past the preoperational stage they can easily do these tasks because they no longer have egocentrism and can now perform mental operations on physical events 10 Developmental researchers have been testing Piaget s theory and improving it What do researchers mean by object concepts number concepts and person concepts Object concepts object permanence objects continue to exist out of view representational thought object permanence language pretend play Number concepts Person concepts conservation or amount stays the same despite changes in appearance 11 What is the Theory of Mind egocentrism limits that stand in the way of true operational thinking unable to understand others point of view Describe Rene Baillargeon s research on object permanence What can we conclude about Piaget s model based on her findings She made it so kids could show they displayed object permanence without having to use motor skills They displayed it as early as 3 months We can conclude Piaget was wrong about the timing of object permanence What are the conclusions of research on person concepts and number concepts They happen much before Piaget thought they could happen Ability to reason about what other people know or believe What is the False Belief Test FBT and how does it test egocentrism Task to separate own current knowledge from others own knowledge Shows ability of knowing others knowledge What cognitive changes occur between age 3 4 3 year olds typically fail the FBT because they indicate that the child in the story must know what he or she knows 4 and 5 year olds typically pass the task because between those ages children achieve a cognitive development milestone and have their basic insight that other people s behavior is guided by their beliefs At what age does a child gain the cognitive ability to take another person s point of view 4 or 5 At what age do children begin to deliberately deceive others What are some explanations of these findings What are different explanations for limits in a child s ability to deliberately deceive 12 Dr Koenig