Psy 1001Exam 3 will cover lectures on Development, Emotion, Personality, Evolutionary Psychologyand Individual differences (Intelligence, BG, & Gender differences). The related chapters in the textbook are 9, 10, 11, and 14.Development1. What is habituation? How is it used to study infant abilities? What are three kinds of abilities are present at birth? How do researchers know this?Decreased response to stimulation with longer exposure. It is used to test object permanence and see how babies learn things. Collier studies- learning new connections, once learned the babies look away. Infant abilities- habituation, reflexes, physiological changes; also-pattern discrimination, learning/memory, categorical perception2. What is a cross-sectional study? What is a longitudinal study? What is a cohort? Cross-sectional- looking at people right now and seeing how well they test for something, people are different ages. Longitudinal- tracking development of a group of people over time. Cohort- group of people in the same age, cross-sectional studies do not take cohort effects into account because different groups systematically differ from others3. What emotions are found in babies at birth? What emotions appear between 2-4 months? With what reflexes are babies born? What are social reflexes?Babies show interest, disgust, distress and content when born. Between 2-6 months- showanger, sadness, surprise, fear with their smiles. Born with sucking, grasping, eating to prevent trial and error. Social reflexes- babies imitate faces and track gaze4. What are three ways that infants can be affected by the environment as they develop? What is the effect of deprivation on development? Define teratogen. Identify some commonteratogens. Identify the causes and symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).Teratogens, deprivation, enrichment. Deprivation- retards development, from poor nutritionand little stimulation, mostly happens to orphans but no effects if adopted before 6 months. Teratogen- chemicals/viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause harm or mutation (ex: radiation, rubella, cortisone, alcohol); FAS- mother drinks excessively during pregnancy, probably because she is unaware, leads to impaired growth and neurological abnormalities resulting from heavy exposure to alcohol during first 3 months. 5. The lecturer provided two examples of how experience affects development: the visual cliff and the “sticky mitten” intervention. What is each of these? The sticky mitten intervention looked at what research question?Enrichment activities. Visual cliff, constructed a box with one level same design as other level but put clear floor on half of top level to make it seem like crawling off of a cliff; wont cross the “cliff” if after 41 days old and will if before 11 days, more cautious as older. Stick mittens- showing a kid two toys then changing the position of the toys, leading to kids are goal directive- looking for new goal over where they are reaching. Used mittens for 3 month olds because cant grab but same result as 6 month olds.6. What is plasticity? What are the benefits of more stimulating environments? Is more stimulation always better?Filling in of neural connections after birth. More stimulating environments lead to more connections but not always a good thing because it can lead to wrong connections or too many. 7. What is the great debate in developmental psychology? Who is Jean Piaget? What is the general sequence of development, stages or continuous? What is meant by object concepts, number concepts and person concepts?Great debate- stage development vs continuous development, domain-general vs domain-specifc, principle source of learning. Piaget- first to present comprehensive account of cognitive devlopment (how we acquire ability to learn, think, communicate and remember) believed in stages, domain-specific, cognitive change marked by equilibration- maintaining a balance between our experience of the world and our thoughts about it. 8. Describe the cognitive processes of assimilation and accommodation. What is a schema and what is it used for? Assimilation- learning new info onto current schema, adding it to schema. Accommodation-altering schema to make it more compatible with new experience. Schema- understanding of and expectations of how the world works, influences how to think9. What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development? What are the characteristics of each stage, that is what are object permanence, representational thought, conservation, egocentrism, mental operations, concrete thinking, abstract thinking? What defines when one has moved from one stage to the next? Describe the changes in cognitive functioning revealed by the classic conservation tests (pouring colored water into different size containers; lining up pennies.)Sensorimotor stage-focused on here and now, lack object permanence- cant see what is not right in front of them. Milestone= mental representation- ability to think about things not present, lack deferred imitation- ability to perform observed action (birth-2yrs)Preoperational stage- ability to construct mental representations, representation differs from physical experience (ex: using banana as phone). Egocentrism- inability to see world through others eyes (FBT); conservation- can’t understand how things with different heightscan be the same volume. Milestone when do FBT correctly (2-7yrs)Concrete operational stage- ability to perform mental operations but only for physical events, can now pass conservation tests. (7-11yrs)Formal Operations stage- hypothetical reasoning beyond here and now. Need to experiment systematically and explain outcomes. (11yrs and up)10. Describe Rene Baillargeon’s research on object permanence. What do her findings tell us about Piaget’s model? What are the implications of research on object concepts and number concepts.Showed a car going through a box, but it wasn’t really going through a box. Kids at 3.5 months looked longer at when car went through box compared to just going down a ramp= object permanence much earlier than piaget expected. Shows convservation and that infants posses true number concepts and arithmetic concepts are innate (looking at numbers that don’t add up correctly longer, Wynn study)11. What is the Theory of Mind? What is the False Belief Test (FBT)? At what age does a child gain the cognitive ability to take another