What is psychology How can psychology be studied from different levels of analyses What are some of the current debates in the field What discipline did Psychology come from What are the aims of the different theoretical perspectives that have shaped psychology What type of education do you need to become a psychologist What are the different types e g clinical of psychologists How can psychology be studied from different levels of analyses Cells to society approach zoom in and zoom out What is psychology Scientific study of mind brain and behavior How people perceive the world Emotion Cognitions Societal Beeavioural Mental Physiological Neurochemical Molecular Nature vs nurture Free will controversy What are some of the current debates in the field What discipline did Psychology come from Originated from philosophy Overlapping questions and topics 1879 Wilhem wundt first lab in Germany 1st psychologists worked on sensation and perception 1883 Stanley hall 1st lab in us jhu 1890 1st psych book the principles of psych 1892 APA 1896 first psych clinic 1899 freud interpretation of dreams 1904 first female president of APA Mary Culkin What are the aims of the different theoretical perspectives that have shaped psychology 1 STRUCTURALISM Wundt Titchener Basic elements Ex parts of brains Used introspection report on their experience in front of you Watson Skinner How we behave in different situations and how they were learned 2 FUNCTIONALISM William James Why questions 3 BEHAVIOURISM 4 COGNITIVE Piaget Mental processes and thoughts How to shape behavior 5 PSYCHOANALYSIS Freud Unconscious experience Early experience 6 HUMANISTIC AND POSITIVE Maslow and Rogers Find meaning Full potential LATEST DEVELOPMENT Merging hard science like neuroscience brain chem bio KENNETH AND MAMIE CLARK DOLL STUDY MARTHA BERNAL ADVANCING MINORITY PSYCHOLOGISTS REIKO TRUE ASIAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH Current APA president dr THEMA Research Methods 1 Lecture 3 1 How do psychologists study behavior 2 What are the characteristics of psychologists and the scientific method 3 What are ways that psychologists get fooled into believing what is NOT true 4 What are the goals of the scientific study of behavior 5 What is observational experimental and correlational research 6 What is a scientific theory What is a hypothesis How does support for hypotheses impact our use of theories 7 What are variables 8 What is the difference between a manipulated and measured variable 9 What are operational definitions Psychologists use scientific methods Characteristics of scientific methods 1 Empiricism objective 2 Replication can be recreated 3 Publication accessible to everyone Psychologists are skeptical and open minded Rely on evidence Know can be fooled and thus design research against it How can we fool ourselves into believing something thats not true Repetition of false info Quick fix Selective perception and memory confirmation bias Exaggeration Inferring causation from correlation RESEARCH METHODS ARE THE TOOLS OF PSYCH Goals 1 Description 2 Prediction 3 4 Explain behavior Identify causes of behavior control modify behavior Observational Research Objectively observe and record behavior Correlational Research Measure two variables determine if a relationship exists between them Experimental Research Control or manipulate one variable independent variable determine if changing IV causes changes in another variable dependent variable THEORY A systematic body of ideas that organizes what is known about a topic from past observations and makes predictions about future observations Leads to hypothesis A prediction about the outcome of our research Peer review evaluated by other knowledgeable people in the field and provide feedback MEASUREMENT Assigning numbers or labels to our observations We use variables characteristic that can take on different values for various observations like height happiness hair color Measured vs manipulated variables Psychologists use operational definitions of variables that define variables in terms of the operations performed to measure them There can be various operational definitions for a single variable Intuition a subjective feeling about what makes sense Scientists are empiricists meaning that they base beliefs on systematic objective observations of the world THEORY A theory is a set of propositions about what people do and wh HYPOTHESIS a precise testable statement of what the researchers predict will be the outcome of the study THEORY DATA CYCLE SCIENTISTS COLLECT DATA THAT EITHER SUPPORTS OR OPPOSES THEIR THEORY Replication means that the study has been conducted more than once on a new sample of participants and found the same basic results operationalize the variable measuring or manipulating an abstract variable for a particular study Operationalizing a measured variable usually means turning a variable into a number Research Methods 2 Lecture 4 1 What is a sample What is a population 2 What is a biased sample 3 What is random sampling What is biased sampling 4 How do naturalistic observational studies work 5 What is the case study approach 6 How can we use correlational research to predict behavior 7 What are correlational coefficients 8 How can we interpret the strength and direction of a correlation 9 What is meant by correlation is not causation DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Statements about everyone Individual behavior doesn t matter POPULATION everyone the researcher is interested in SAMPLE research participants For a sample to generalize to a population all members of the population of interest must have an equal chance of being selected for the sample random sampling For unbiased sample Random sample is likely to be similar to the population but not guaranteed Use statistical techniques estimate how similar simple id to population NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION Researchers make observations in person animal s natural env The goal of naturalistic research is to observe without interfering with the usual behavior of those being observed Researcher might conceal themselves CODING SCHEME describe non aggressive behavior operationally describe behavior CASE STUDY In depth study of a one or two individuals Limited usefulness Directions future research CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Relationship between 2 or more variables The data from correlational studies can be presented in a type of graph called a scatter plot Correlation coefficient only describes Linear relationship When points fall on a curve o