Study guide to Exam 2: Topics are Consciousness, Learning, Memory and CognitiveChapter 5: Consciousness1. Describe changes in brain wave frequency and amplitude as one cycles through stages 1-4of the sleep cycle. 2. What are the features of REM sleep? 3. What is lucid dreaming?4. Describe the symptoms of insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors and sleepwalking.5. What is the effect of a stimulant, and what drugs are considered stimulants? What is a narcotic? What is the effect of a psychedelic drug? Lecture on the neurophysiological basis of Consciousness (you might also want to review page 110-112 on “which side of the brain do we use for what?”)1. What is the split-brain effect? Broca’s area? Wernicke’s area? the Corpus callosum?2. An object seen in the left visual field is processed in which area of the brain? the right visual field?3. What evidence was given that conscious thought seems to be a product of brain areas responsible for overt speech?4. What was the evidence that people can make complex choices without being consciously aware of their choices or why they made them.5. What was the evidence the actions made without conscious awareness may later be given a conscious explanation by the actor? Classical Conditioning:1. What is learning? What is habituation? What is sensitization?2. Who was Pavlov? Describe the studies that led to the description of classical conditioning. 3. What is meant by event-event learning? What is the Law of Contiguity?4. Define unconditioned stimulus (sometimes abbreviated US and sometimes UCS) and unconditioned response (UR or UCR). 5. Define conditioned stimulus (CS) and a conditioned response (CR). 6. What is higher order conditioning? Practice identifying the CS, CR, US, UR in practical examples (such as advertising, conditioned fears, sexual arousal, food aversions, and otheremotional responses.)7. How can classical conditioning be used to produce a fear response (or other emotional response) to a neutral stimulus? 8. What is acquisition? What makes a stimulus more likely to become a CS?9. What is extinction and what leads to extinction in classical conditioning?10.11. What are spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination? Who was little Albert? (Please note that stimulus discrimination and discriminative stimulus are different concepts.)12. Which area of the brain is associated with fear conditioning? 13. What is a conditioned taste aversion? What makes it different from the usual models of classical conditioning?Instrumental Conditioning/Operant Conditioning/ Response-Event Learning14. Is learning a slow, gradual process or a sudden, all-or-nothing process?15. Who is EL Thorndike? What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect? What is a learning curve? What is insight?16. Who is BF Skinner? What were some of his discoveries? What is a Skinner box?17. What are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?18. What is the A-B-C model? Define Discriminative stimulus and identify it in practical situations.19. Define Reinforcement and Punishment. What do negative and positive refer to in operant conditioning?20. Define and identify “positive reinforcement” and “negative reinforcement” as used in operant conditioning.21. According to Skinner and others, what are the disadvantages of punishment?22. What is a primary reinforcer? What is a secondary reinforcer? What are examples of each?23. What are acquisition and extinction in operant conditioning?24. What is shaping? What is UM's claim to fame with regard to shaping?25. What is a conditioned reinforcer? How can classical conditioning be used to create a conditioned reinforcer (a neutral object that can be used to increase the frequency of desired behaviors)?26. How did Skinner teach a dog to climb the wall or pigeons to play ping-pong? What are some practical examples where shaping is used to teach behavior?27. What is chaining? Who was Pliny the rat? 28. Which neurotransmitter is associated with operant conditioning?Schedules of reinforcement29. What is the difference between continuous schedule of reinforcement and intermittent schedules of reinforcement?30. Describe the four different partial reinforcement schedules and how they may be appear in practical situations. 31. Which is more resistant to extinction, a variable or a fixed schedule? Applications of Behavior modification principles to helping autistic children32. What are the behavioral characteristics that define autism in children?33. When operant conditioning is used to treat autistic children, which behaviors are reinforced? Which behaviors are extinguished?34. Who is Ivar Lovaas? 35. Broadly speaking, how did 10 hour and 40 hour groups of autistic children compare before and after treatment?The two factor learning theory (the book calls this the two-process theory)36. What is the two-factor learning theory? 37. Using the model of a rat, explain how can fear be established through classicalconditioning, and then maintained through operant conditioning.38. Define and apply the concepts of escape conditioning & avoidance conditioning.A What is the difference between them?39. How can the two-factor model explain drug addiction and tolerance? What is a compensatory response? In this model, what are “withdrawal symptoms”? 40. How can classical conditioning be used to treat drug addiction?Cognitive models of learning and Observational learning41. Define observational learning. Define modeling. Who is Albert Bandura and what was the Bobo doll experiment?42. Explain how observation learning can explain how watching media violence may increase the likelihood of physical aggression.43. What are mirror neurons?Lectures and readings on Memory (Chapter 7)1. What is the modal model of memory? What are the working processes of memory: attention, rehearsal, encoding and retrieval. What is the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?2. What is Sensory memory? What is its capacity, duration and function? How did the Sperling study measure the duration and capacity of sensory memory?3. What are echoic and iconic memory? What is the duration of each of these?4. What is Short-term memory? What is its capacity, duration and function? What is chunking? What is the magic number? How did Peterson and Peterson study the duration of short term memory?5. What are the three levels of processing and what kinds of tasks are associated with each? Which will produce the