Study guide to Exam 2 Topics are Consciousness Learning Memory and Cognitive Chapter 5 Consciousness 1 Describe changes in brain wave frequency and amplitude as one cycles through stages 1 4 of the sleep cycle Stage 1 theta waves occur 4 to 7 times per second Stage 2 sleep spindles bursts of electrical activity 12 14 cycles per sec K complexes sharply rising and falling waves Stage 3 and 4 Delta waves as slow as one 2 cycles a second 2 What are the features of REM sleep Stage 5 Rem sleep stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs High frequency low amplitude waves Dream more then High essential 3 What is lucid dreaming 4 Describe the symptoms of insomnia Experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming feeling like you can control the dream Difficulty of becoming aware that one is dreaming narcolepsy disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep sleep apnea disorder cause by a blockage of the airway during sleep resulting in daytime fatigue night terrors sudden walking episodes characterized by screaming perspiring and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep and sleepwalking walking while fully asleep 5 What is the effect of a stimulant Increased activity of the CNS sense of alertness well being energy high heart rate blood pressure What drugs are considered stimulants Tobacco cocaine amphetamines meth What is a narcotic Drug that relieves pain and induces sleep What is the effect of a psychedelic drug Dramatically altered perception mood and thoughts Lecture on the neurophysiological basis of Consciousness you might also want to review page 110 112 on which side of the brain do we use for what 1 What is the split brain effect Speech is mainly located on left side of the brain since corpus callosum is severed the 2 sides of the brain cannot communicate Broca s area Generating speech Wernicke s area Understanding speech the Corpus callosum Brings info from right side to left vise versa 2 An object seen in the left visual field is processed in which area of the brain The right side the right visual field Left side of the brain responsible for overt speech 3 What evidence was given that conscious thought seems to be a product of brain areas 4 What was the evidence that people can make complex choices without being consciously aware of their choices or why they made them 5 What was the evidence the actions made without conscious awareness may later be given a conscious explanation by the actor Classical Conditioning 1 What is learning Change in an organism s behavior or thought as a result of experience What is habituation Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli What is sensitization Repeated expose to stimuli leads to sensitization responding more strongly over time 2 Who was Pavlov A Russian scientist who discovered classical conditioning unintentionally Describe the studies that led to the description of classical conditioning Pavlov studied dogs digestion He did this by placing dogs in a harness and inserting a cannula intro their saliva glands He realized they not only salivated from the meat powder but from other things related to it such as the research assistants 3 What is meant by event event learning Learning from the relationships between events in the environment What is the Law of Contiguity Behavior change due to stim ulus stimulus contiguity things or events that occur close to each other in space or time tend to get linked together in the mind 4 Define unconditioned stimulus sometimes abbreviated US and sometimes UCS and unconditioned response UR or UCR Unconditioned stimulus stimulus that elicits an automatic response meat powder Unconditioned response automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned salvation 5 Define conditioned stimulus CS and a conditioned response CR Conditioned stimulus initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus metronome Conditioned response Response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning salivation from hearing the metronome 6 What is higher order conditioning Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimuli by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus allows us to extend classical conditioning to a host of new stimuli helps us explain finding concerning addictions to drugs Practice identifying the CS CR US UR in practical examples such as advertising conditioned fears sexual arousal food aversions and other emotional responses 7 How can classical conditioning be used to produce a fear response or other emotional response to a neutral stimulus Little Albert UCS loud sound from the gong CS rat white fluffy CR crying 8 What is acquisition Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established What makes a stimulus more likely to become a CS The closer in time the pairing of CS and UCS 9 What is extinction and what leads to extinction in classical conditioning Extinction Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus Lack of unconditioned stimulus A new response writes over or inhibits the CR the extinguished CR doesn t vanish completely it is overshadowed by the new behavior 10 What are spontaneous recovery Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus stimulus generalization process by which conditioned stimuli similar but not identical to the original stimuli elicit a conditioned response and stimulus discrimination Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus Who was little Albert Please note that stimulus discrimination and discriminative stimulus are different concepts A 9 month old baby boy who was fond on furry little creatures Watson and Rayner let him play with a rat and after a few seconds they were come up behind him and hit a gong that made him cry Displayed stimulus generalization because he cried not only in response to rats but also rabbits dogs furry coats and Santa Claus mask Demonstrated stimulus discrimination because he wasn t afraid of cotton balls or hair of research assistants 11 Which area of the brain is associated with fear