BIO 240: STUDY GUIDE 2: THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
40 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
---|---|
Cell
|
Smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.
|
Cytology
|
Branch of biology that studies plants & animal cells' function and structure.
|
4 Principle parts of general animal cell
|
Plasma cell membrane, cytosol, organelles, inclusions
|
Fluid-mosaic Model
|
Composed of two main chemical components: a lipid bilayer embedded with protein molecules.
|
Integral proteins in the membrane
|
Penetrate (some go completely) through wall, act as channels, act as transport, receptor, enzyme, identity.
|
Peripheral proteins in the membrane
|
Anchors to integral proteins.
|
3 main functions of plasma membrane
|
Communication (w/cell by membrane, other cells, foreign cells, & ligands)
Electrochemical Gradient (chemicals form by chemical layout of membrane. Electrical forms by diff in charges)
Selective Permeability (regulates entry & exit of substances)
|
4 Factors affecting permeability of cell membrane
|
lipid permeability, size, charge, presence of specific channels/transporters
|
Difference between active/passive
|
Active requires ATP, passive does not.
|
Diffusion
|
All substances have kinetic energy. Constantly moving cells collide & mix; move down a concentration gradient. (passive)
|
Facilitated diffusion
|
Carrier transport chemical down concentration gradient without utilizing ATP. (passive)
|
Osmosis
|
Net flow of water through selective permeable membranes. Results from chemical concentration difference, or mechanical force. (passive)
|
Filtration
|
Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid through selective permeable membrane; especially capillary wall (passive)
|
Dialysis
|
Separation of particles in fluid based on differences in the ability to pass membranes. (active)
|
Active Transport
|
Transport of material through selective permeable membrane, UP its concentration gradient via ATP (active).
|
Exocytosis
|
Active transport where cell expends energy to discharge large substances from the cell; waste/gland products. (active)
|
Pinocytosis
|
Form of endocytosis, where plasma membrane sinks inward and imbibes droplets of extracellular fluid.
|
Phagocytosis
|
Form of endocytosis where pseudo-pods engulf foreign material enclosing it in a cytoplasmic vesicle called phagosome
|
Intracellular fluid contains how much NaCl?
|
.9% NaCl compared to water.
|
Microvilli
|
Smallest outgrowth from permeable membrane; increases surface area and aids in absorption and some sensory processes.
|
Cilia
|
Hairlike projection from apical surface of epithelial cells. Motile: propel matter across surface of epithelium. Nonmotile: some sensory processes.
|
Flagella
|
Slender/threadlike appendages that aid in "swimming"
|
3 Functions of Cytoplasm
|
Medium where metabolic processes occur. Suspend organelles. Receives raw material from extracellular fluid
|
Extracellular Materials
|
Complex misture of non-living materials that makes the matrix-carbs&proteins are minerals in bone matrix
|
Mitosis
|
Cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells.
|
'Crossing Over'
|
Process where paternal and maternal chromosomes exchange segments of DNA. Creates new combinations of genes and contributes to genetic variety in offspring.
|
Role of DNA in the cell.
|
Carries instructions called genes for the synthesis of proteins.
|
Role of RNA in the cell
|
Function of the three types is to interpret code in DNA and use those instructions to synthesize proteins.
|
Transcription
|
The process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA via RNA polymerase (attaches to DNA to form RNA) DNA: C, A, T. RNA: G, U
|
Translation
|
Converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids. mRNA carries info from nucleus to cytoplasm. tRNA binds a free amino acid in cytosol & delivers to ribosome (become protein chain). rRNA allows tRNA to attach and makes protein
|
3 Steps of translation
|
Initiation, elongation, termination
|
Inheritance
|
Genetic characters transmitted from parent to offspring, taken collectively.
|
Homologues
|
Homologous chromosomes. 2 members of each pair of chromosomes. One inherited from mother, one from father.
|
Genotype/Phenotype
|
Geno: chemical makeup of an allele.
Pheno: physical expression of an allele.
|
Homozygous/Heterozygous
|
homo: having 2 identical alleles. hetero: chromosome has different alleles for that gene.
|
Incomplete Dominance
|
Two different alleles are present and the phenotype is intermediate between the traits.
|
Co-dominance
|
Alleles are equally dominant. Both are phenotypically expressed.
|
Multiple-allele Inheritance
|
More than 2 different alleles for a given gene in a gene pool. (ABO blood type has 3 alleles)
|
Polygenic Inheritance
|
Phenomenon which genes at more than or equal to 2 loci, or even on different chromosomes, contribute to a single phenotypic trait.
|
Sex-linked Inheritance
|
Carried on the X or Y chromosome, and therefore tend to be inherited by one sex more than the other.
|