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BIO 240: STUDY GUIDE 2: THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
Cell |
Smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.
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Cytology |
Branch of biology that studies plants & animal cells' function and structure.
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4 Principle parts of general animal cell
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Plasma cell membrane, cytosol, organelles, inclusions
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Fluid-mosaic Model
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Composed of two main chemical components: a lipid bilayer embedded with protein molecules.
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Integral proteins in the membrane
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Penetrate (some go completely) through wall, act as channels, act as transport, receptor, enzyme, identity.
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Peripheral proteins in the membrane
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Anchors to integral proteins.
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3 main functions of plasma membrane
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Communication (w/cell by membrane, other cells, foreign cells, & ligands)
Electrochemical Gradient (chemicals form by chemical layout of membrane. Electrical forms by diff in charges)
Selective Permeability (regulates entry & exit of substances)
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4 Factors affecting permeability of cell membrane
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lipid permeability, size, charge, presence of specific channels/transporters
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Difference between active/passive
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Active requires ATP, passive does not.
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Diffusion
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All substances have kinetic energy. Constantly moving cells collide & mix; move down a concentration gradient. (passive)
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Facilitated diffusion
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Carrier transport chemical down concentration gradient without utilizing ATP. (passive)
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Osmosis |
Net flow of water through selective permeable membranes. Results from chemical concentration difference, or mechanical force. (passive)
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Filtration |
Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid through selective permeable membrane; especially capillary wall (passive)
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Dialysis |
Separation of particles in fluid based on differences in the ability to pass membranes. (active)
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Active Transport
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Transport of material through selective permeable membrane, UP its concentration gradient via ATP (active).
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Exocytosis
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Active transport where cell expends energy to discharge large substances from the cell; waste/gland products. (active)
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Pinocytosis
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Form of endocytosis, where plasma membrane sinks inward and imbibes droplets of extracellular fluid.
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Phagocytosis
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Form of endocytosis where pseudo-pods engulf foreign material enclosing it in a cytoplasmic vesicle called phagosome
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Intracellular fluid contains how much NaCl?
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.9% NaCl compared to water.
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Microvilli
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Smallest outgrowth from permeable membrane; increases surface area and aids in absorption and some sensory processes.
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Cilia |
Hairlike projection from apical surface of epithelial cells. Motile: propel matter across surface of epithelium. Nonmotile: some sensory processes.
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Flagella
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Slender/threadlike appendages that aid in "swimming"
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3 Functions of Cytoplasm
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Medium where metabolic processes occur. Suspend organelles. Receives raw material from extracellular fluid
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Extracellular Materials
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Complex misture of non-living materials that makes the matrix-carbs&proteins are minerals in bone matrix
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Mitosis |
Cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells.
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'Crossing Over'
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Process where paternal and maternal chromosomes exchange segments of DNA. Creates new combinations of genes and contributes to genetic variety in offspring.
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Role of DNA in the cell.
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Carries instructions called genes for the synthesis of proteins.
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Role of RNA in the cell
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Function of the three types is to interpret code in DNA and use those instructions to synthesize proteins.
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Transcription |
The process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA via RNA polymerase (attaches to DNA to form RNA) DNA: C, A, T. RNA: G, U
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Translation |
Converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids. mRNA carries info from nucleus to cytoplasm. tRNA binds a free amino acid in cytosol & delivers to ribosome (become protein chain). rRNA allows tRNA to attach and makes protein
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3 Steps of translation
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Initiation, elongation, termination
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Inheritance
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Genetic characters transmitted from parent to offspring, taken collectively.
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Homologues
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Homologous chromosomes. 2 members of each pair of chromosomes. One inherited from mother, one from father.
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Genotype/Phenotype
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Geno: chemical makeup of an allele.
Pheno: physical expression of an allele.
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Homozygous/Heterozygous
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homo: having 2 identical alleles. hetero: chromosome has different alleles for that gene.
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Incomplete Dominance
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Two different alleles are present and the phenotype is intermediate between the traits.
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Co-dominance
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Alleles are equally dominant. Both are phenotypically expressed.
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Multiple-allele Inheritance
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More than 2 different alleles for a given gene in a gene pool. (ABO blood type has 3 alleles)
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Polygenic Inheritance
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Phenomenon which genes at more than or equal to 2 loci, or even on different chromosomes, contribute to a single phenotypic trait.
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Sex-linked Inheritance
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Carried on the X or Y chromosome, and therefore tend to be inherited by one sex more than the other.
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