35 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
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alleles
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two forms of the same gene
-appear at the same place on both chromosome in pair
-one inherited from each parent
-homozygous
-heterozygous
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zygote
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-2 weeks
-fertilization
-implantation
-start of placenta
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embryo
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-6 weeks
-arms, legs, faces, organs, muscles all develop
-heart begins to beat
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fetus
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-30 weeks
-growth and finishing
-quickening
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quickening
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moving of the fetus
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Factors affecting harm from teratogens
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-dose
-heredity
-age at the time of exposure
-other negative influences
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preterm
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-born weeks before due date
-weight may be appropriate
|
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small for date
|
-may be born at due date or preterm
-<expected weight for the length of pregnancy
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new born relexes
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-eye blink
-rooting
-sucking
-moro
-palmer grasp
-tonic neck
-stepping
-babinski
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newborn senses
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-touch
-taste
-smell
-hearing
-vision (under developed)
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baby growth by age 1
|
-gain 50% in height
-triple birth weight
|
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baby growth by age 2
|
-gain 75% in height
-quadruple birth rate
|
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influences on early growth
|
-heredity
-emotional well being
-nutrition (breast vs bottle feeding)
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benefits of breast milk
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-correct fat-protein balance
-nutritionally complete
-more digestible
-better growth
-disease protection
-better jaw and tooth development
-easier transition to solid food
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malnutrition
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-1/3 of children worldwide
-detrimental effects
-size, other organs, infections/disease, brain development
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Plasticity
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-The brain's ability to acquire new functions that replace the functions of a damaged part
-plasticity is greatest when areas of the brain are not specialized
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experience-expectant growth
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ordinary experiences "expected" by brain to grow normally
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experience-dependent growth
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additional growth from specific learning experiences
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motor development
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-gross motor development
-fine motor development
-sequence is fairly uniform
-cephalocaudal and proximodistal trends
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gross motor skills
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-holds head up
-chest up
-rolls from side to back
-rolls from back to side
-sits
-crawls
-stands assisted
-stands alone
-walks
|
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fine motor skills
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-prereaching
-reaching (with two hands, then one)
-ulnar grasp (adjusts grip to objects)
-pincher grasp
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cultural variations
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development affected by:
-early movement opportunities
-environmental stimulation
-child-rearing practices
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history-graded influence
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explain why people born around the same time- called a cohort- tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times
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nonnormative influences
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are events that are irregular: they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable (unlike normative events which are typical or average)
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Normative Approach
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Hall and Gesell
Measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development.
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
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Psychoanalysts believe that the unconscious mind controls much of our thoughts and actions
Psychoanalysts would look for impulses or memories pushed into the unconscious mind through repression
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psychosexual theory
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emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development (Freud)
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psychosocial theory
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in addition to mediating b/w id impulses and superego demands, ego makes a positive contribution to development ,acquiring attitudes and skills at each stage that make the individual an active, contributing member of society (Erikson)
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Behaviorism
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An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior and can be treated by altering the patterns of the environment. (B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson)
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Social Learning Theory
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That learning of any new behavior is the result of three main factors: the Person, the Environment, and the Behavior. (learning through observations of others, like violent video games etc.)
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behavior modification
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consists of procedures that combine conditioning to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
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Jean Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
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Describes how children view the world through schemata, cognitive rules we use to interpret the world
Normally, we incorporate our experiences into these existing schemata in a process called assimilation
Sometimes info does not fit into or violates our schemata, so we must accommodate …
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Ethology
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is concerned with the adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history
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Sociocultural Theory
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- focuses on how culture- beliefs, values, customs, and skills of a social group- are transmitted to the next generation
Vygotsky
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Ecological System Theory
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- views child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
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PSY 223: TEST 1