PSY 223 1st Edition Lecture 16Adolescence Physical changes- Weight spurt- Height spurt - Muscle spurtPhysical changes- Lungs- triple in weight- Heart-double in size- Lymphoid system- immune system is functioning more efficiently because you've been exposed to more- Skin- hormones stimulate oil production, acne comes- Hair- oily as well Puberty- Sexual maturation- ability to reproduce - Generally begins between 8-14- Shift in onset (secular trend)- Primary vs secondary characteristics- Primary- physical characteristics essential to reproduction ex) penis, vagina- Secondary- not essential to reproduction ex) breasts, armpit hair, facial hairHormones• What are they? Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by cell or glandWhere do they come from? Come from the pituitary gland• Which glands play a major role in puberty?– Pituitary gland: central communicator to reach other glands– Adrenal glands– GonadsHPA axis- Hypothalamus-->pituitary-->adrenal Sex Hormones- Estrogens (estradiol) à Menarche (Estrogens show an 8 fold increase in women)- Androgens (testosterone)àSpermarche (Androgens show a 20 fold increase in men)Pubertal timing: influences- Genetic influences- Nutrition and body fato Athletes don't tend to experience puberty until later because they are usually very lean- StressPubertal Timing: Impact GIRLS- Academic difficulties- Truancy- Pregnancy- Infections- Obesity- Depressive symptoms- Suicide attemptsBOYS- Internalizing problems- Negative affect- Anxiety- DepressionPubertal timing: research- Girls and boys health development project- Pubertal timing v. Pubertal tempoMethods- Demographics- Depression - Pubertal statusResults- Girls-timing associated with greater depressive symptoms- Boys- tempo and timing associated with greater depressive symptomsBrain development• Amygdala develops before frontal cortex• Frontal Lobe last to fully developMyelination (inner à outer; back à front)White matter increases (back à front)• Pruning occurs because the brain wants to be as efficient as possible Piaget’s formal operational stage - Moving from concrete to more abstract forms of thought• Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning• Abstract ThinkingDeductive reasoningInductive reasoningFormal operational thought- Younger children cannot engage in these types of problems because they require abstract thought. It is something that is learned.School scientific reasoning- How to support a theory - How to apply rulesIntuitive vs. Analytical thought- Sunk cost fallacy-after investing considerable amounts of time or money in something people continue to put more into it… just because they’ve already put so much into