ANTHRCUL 101: EXAM 3
57 Cards in this Set
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Code switching
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Speakers shift from one language or dialect to another.
· Loan words: Soup de jour.
· Sometimes strategic device to hide stories.
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Creole language
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A language developed from a pidgin language (product of acculturation), with more complex structure, grammatical rules, and native speakers.
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Diglossia
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Language with "high" (formal) and "low" (informal) dialects.
Vous et tu
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Euphemism
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Substitution of a less offensive term for an offensive one.
· Substitute passed away for died.
o Realm of religion or sacred.
o Avoid calling forth an evil power. “He who must not be named”
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Focal vocabulary
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A set of words describing particular domains (foci) of experience.
· CDA: stroke
· Can provide in-group solidarity and/or exclusion.
o When doctors use medical jargon with patients, they don’t feel like they can talk to doc.
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Grammar
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?
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Honorifics
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Terms of respect used to honor people often by being added to their names. Ex. Mr., Mrs., Dr., President, Sir, Ma'am
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Hypercorrection
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Correcting a mistake that isn't there by using the wrong word or form because it seems more correct or prestigious.
Say I instead of me
Sewerside vs. suicide.
· Rule of dropping "R" in NY speech. Thought he would be correct to pronounce NY way.
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Kinesics
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Study of communication through body movements and facial expressions.
· Friends can have entire conversations w/ just body language
· Nodding and shaking head dependent on culture
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Lexicon
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Vocabulary; all of the morphemes of a language and their meanings.
· Albanian= 25 diff words for types of mustaches
· Borrowing among lang is one way lang stays dynamic
· L’ Academie Francaise
o Law: all English ad’s must include French translation
o Quebec…
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Minimal pairs
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Words that have totally different meanings but differ in just one sound. Ex. pit vs. bit
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Morpheme
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Smallest units of language with specific meanings. Sometimes whole word.
TEACH (1)
TEACH + ER (2)
TEACH + ER + S (3)
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Morphology
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Linguistic study of morphemes and word construction.
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Phoneme
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Smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning to speakers.
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Phonology
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The study of a system of distinctive sounds in a language.
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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The theory that the language you speak unconsciously shapes your thinking about the world. Different languages produce different patterns of thought.
Contrasts with universal grammar hypothesis
o “When my wishes conflict with those of my family..
-Jap: it is unhappy
-En…
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Semantics
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A language's meaning system.
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Style shifting
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Varying one's speech in different social contexts (ex: how you speak to a friend vs. how you speak to a teacher or parent)
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Syntax
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Arrangement of words in phrases or sentences.
Syntactic questions: nouns precede verbs? I you like.
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Universal Grammar
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Linguist Noam Chomsky's idea that the human brain contains a limited set of of rules (universal grammar) for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. Allows people to learn new languages and the formation of creole languages.
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Black English Vernacular
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(BEV);
Vernacular (casual speech). Sociolinguist William Labov.
Rule-governed dialect spoken by some African Americans; a complex linguistic system with its own rules and similar to southern dialects.
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Ethnomusicology
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The comparative study of music as an aspect of culture and society.
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Animism
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Belief in souls or doubles. Anthropologist Edward Burnett Taylor thought animism to be the earliest form of religion and as a belief in spiritual beings.
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cargo cults
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Post-colonial, acculturative, religious movements common in Melanesia that attempt to explain european domination and wealth and to achieve similar success magically by mimicking european behavior
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Communitas
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Intense feeling of community spirit and social solidarity.
-sense of community of religious groups.
-often occurs among people experiencing liminality (threshold of post-ritual status) together.
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Syncretism
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Blending of cultural influences emerging from ongoing contact.
Ex. cargo cults
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Intersex
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Term that encompasses a group of conditions involving a discrepancy between the internal and external genitals . Used to be called hermaphroditism.
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Totemism
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Animals, plants or geographic features associated with a specific social group to which that totem is sacred or symbolically important.
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Taboo
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Sacred/forbidden; prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions.
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Myth
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Type of symbolism; traditional often sacred narratives with universal pattern of structure and characteristics. Characteristics:
-need to classify, impose order
-Opposite categories, B & W, binary oppositions (not always literally accurate) and intermediate categories (grey).
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Binary oppositions
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French anthropologist Claude Levi Strauss determined that all humans possess a universal need to classify/impose order on nature and human relations. A universal aspect of such classification is contrast. Much is continuous rather than discrete, and the mind treats them as more different …
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Colonialism
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The political, social, economic and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time.
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gender and language
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adj/colors- women use wider variety
tag questions- its a beautiful day, isnt it?
hedges- an indirect request ex) maybe, perhaps, im wondering
generic masculine- mailman, you guys
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World Systems theory
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Frech social historian Fernand Braudel. Societies are subsystems of the world system: a social system based on wealth and power differentials that transcends individual countries. Countries within the world system occupy 3 different positions of economic and political power: core (dominan…
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Intervention philosophy
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-- an ideological justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions
-- Britain used notion of white man's burden to justify imperialist expansion
-- France claimed to be engages in a civilizing missing in its colonies
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Alternative Gender Roles
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Genders that are neither male nor female. Examples: Two spirit people among Native Americans and Hijras in India--castrated men fulfill social requirements. Sworn Virgins in the Balkans--women act as men when there is a shortage.
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Feminization of poverty
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Increasing representation of women and their children among America's poorest people.
-trend since WWII--increasing
-income below poverty line
-global
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Mana
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Melanesians believe in mana, a sacred impersonal force existing in the universe. Can reside in people, animals, plants and objects and brings good luck.
--like felix felicis, might work b/c we believe it does.
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Kwakiutl
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Main cultural group studied by Boas. Enforced his idea of cultural relativism-- disagreed with Chomsky that universal laws governed culture.
Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest
· Requirement of language organizes experiences certain ways. It is built into their langua…
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Art by appropriation
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Things categorized as art by others and not by the intentions of the creator. ex. toddler vs Jackson Pollack
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Art by Intention
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Artist meant for the object to be a piece of art.
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Art as subversive
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Art as a rebellious act against/to attempt to overthrow a government.
Hmong needlework: pictorial code on skirts of women
Graffiti: Political vehicle
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Functions of religion
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Maintain social order
People motivated to serve social good. Moral codes for social behavior
Social solidarity
Intellectual: cognitive function: order meaning and control.
Emotional: Allay fears and reduce anxiety
o Fear of death often is subdued by religious life after death
Exe…
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Revitalization movements
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Movements that occur in times of cultural change or oppression; aimed at altering or revitalizing society. Often lead by religious leader.
· Prophet declares revelation & solution to social problems. Everything will be turned upside down.
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Bourgeoisie and working class/proletariat
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Bourgeoisie: owners of the means of production – factories, mines, lg farms, etc
Proletariat: people who have to sell their labor to survive
Marx saw socioeconomic stratification as simple divide between these 2 classes.
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Rites of passage and stages
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Rituals associated with change in life stage (religious or secular).
1. Separation
2. Liminality: in limbo--solidarity
3. Incorporation
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xanith, hijra, "two-spirit" role, nadle, guevedoce
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all kinds of intersex individuals in different cultures
xanith: Oman
hijra: India
"two-spirit" role: Native American
nadle: Navajo
guevedoce: Dominican Republic
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Franz Boas
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Father of American four-field anthropology. Kwaktiul Native Americans studied lang and culture. Argued that human biology was plastic and could be changed by the environment. Immigrant children genetically different from parents. Argued that biology (and race) did not determine culture. 1…
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Noam Chomsky
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1955. Linguist argued universal, limited set of rules for organizing language in human brain. Universal grammar. Supported by development of creole lang and ability for ideas to transcend languages.
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william labov
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studied the r sound in new york
found that pronunciation relates to prestige
interested in the socioeconomic status and dialect -- determine influence
linguistic variation within social class
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Karl Marx
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Studied industrial stratification. Class consciousness (recognition of collective interests and personal id w/ economic group) influenced how Marx saw class. Socioeconomic groups with radically diff. interests. Classes as powerful, collective forces that can mobilize human energies.
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Victor Turner
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social anthropologist, studied Ndembu tribe of Zambia
ritual process – transition of an individual from one state to another (van Gennep)
a three-phased process
separation
margin (liminality)
re-aggregation
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Laura Bohannan
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Studied the Tiv in Nigeria and wrote Shakespeare in the bush.
Storytelling is an art form that is culturally transcendent but Tiv interpreted Hamlet in their own cultural lens. · Bad guys became good guys
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Which is the key assumption in Claude Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism?
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Human minds have certain universal characteristics that originate in common features of the Homo sapiens brain and lead people everywhere to think similarly regardless of their society or cultural background. They also have a need to categorize polar opposites.
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Max Weber / protestant work ethic
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Weber believed that the spread of capitalism was because of the values preached by Protestant leaders. Weber claimed that because Protestantism stressed hard work and profit-seeking, and this "protestant work ethic" is why capitalism spread rapidly.
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Historical influences in the development of medical anthropology
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Biocultural perspective: bio & ecological aspects of health in social settings
Early ethnographic fieldwork: trad. practices - magic, witchcraft, healers
Culture & personality school: "national character" freud influence. linked personality traits to cultural practices raising infants. …
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social construction of illness
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change over time
we learn social context for defining illnesses
cultures choose what symptoms to emphasize and how to interpret
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ANTHRCUL 101: EXAM 3