Current LectureDurkheim: “What holds society together?”society is always on the verge of splitting apartmechanical solidarity – found in societies organized around kinship relationshipseveryone is assigned the same kinds of tasks or labor depending on age and gendereveryone family carries out the tasks necessary for survivalchallenge is that very little holds the families together in society, lack of community = diffuseshared culture, shared livelihood, language, and shared history link the families togetherorganic solidarity – interdependence and division of laboreveryone depends on each other which holds society togetherFerdinandgeminschaft – kin-based relationssmall towns have closer relations, everyone knows everyonegesellschaft – non-kin relations , commercial relationshiprelationship is about size of society tooSir Henry MaineArgued some societies were organized by status and some by contractsStatus – some societies are organized by position people occupy (parent, child, teacher)Associated with peoples rights and rolesStatus and role complement other statuses and rolesEvery role has a responsibilityAscribed status – position you are born into (age, gender, ethnicity), no choice about positionAchieved status - something you choose to doContract - rights, duties, and responsibilities that go along with your roleAnderson: nations are “imagined communities”What’s responsible for pride, nationalism, why do people go to war for their country?Benedict ArnoldSimultaneitythings we do at the same time (celebrate holidays, watch superbowl)causes connection between people in communityread same literature, watch same movies that brings us togetherkey symbols hold nations togetherflag, national anthemhistorical symbol – George Washingtoneducational systemsEthnic groupsascribed statusplural society – multiple kinds of identities that interactassimilation – pressure for people to adapt to mainstream culture, learn language and give up mother tonguemelting pot – (America) includes many different culturespeople may become more like each other over timemulticulturalism – positive value of cultural differenceethnocentrism and stereotypes – conflict associated with many societies built of different ethnic groupsprejudice – negative attitudes towards other ethnic groups tht are differentdiscrimination – negative action against other people based on prejudicede facto – practiced but not sanctioned by law – ex refusing to serve someone food, unequal treatment of minorities by police, insurance may be more expensive for somede jure – legalized discrimination – segregation keeping people from living in certain neighborhoods, apartheidinstitutional discrimination – laws and policies that deny equal rights or harm members of particular groupshidden privilege – people with certain ascribed statuses receive benefits as a result of being a member of a particular groupgatekeeping – applying for job and person interviewing is of same ethnic group, advantageenvironmental racism – poorer people and minorities are more likely to live in polluted or bad areas, more likely to be exposed to toxic chemicalsLecture 3 ANTHRCUL 101Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Anthropology?1. Holism2. Human Nature3. CultureII. Approaches to anthropology1. Evolutionary2. InterpretiveIII. Sub-disciplines of Anthropology1. Biological anthropology2. Archeology3. Cultural anthropology4. Applied anthropology5. Linguistic anthropologyOutline of Current LectureI. What holds society together?1. Mechanical solidarity2. Organic solidarityII. Ferdinand1. Geminschaf2. GesellschafIII. Sir Henry Maine1. Status2. ContractIV. Benedict Arnold1. Simultaneity2. Key SymbolsV. Ethnic groups1. Plural Society2. Assimilation3. Melting pot4. Multiculturalism5. Ethnocentrism6. Discriminationa. De factob. De jurec. Institutional discriminationd. Hidden privilege/gatekeeping7. Environmental racismCurrent LectureDurkheim: “What holds society together?”- society is always on the verge of splitting apart- mechanical solidarity – found in societies organized around kinship relationshipso everyone is assigned the same kinds of tasks or labor depending on age and gender o everyone family carries out the tasks necessary for survivalo challenge is that very little holds the families together in society, lack of community = diffuseo shared culture, shared livelihood, language, and shared history link the families together - organic solidarity – interdependence and division of laboro everyone depends on each other which holds society together Ferdinand- geminschaf – kin-based relationso small towns have closer relations, everyone knows everyone- gesellschaf – non-kin relations , commercial relationship- relationship is about size of society too Sir Henry Maine- Argued some societies were organized by status and some by contracts- Status – some societies are organized by position people occupy (parent, child, teacher)o Associated with peoples rights and roles o Status and role complement other statuses and roles o Every role has a responsibility o Ascribed status – position you are born into (age, gender, ethnicity), no choice about position o Achieved status - something you choose to do- Contract - rights, duties, and responsibilities that go along with your roleSocial contract organizes behavior, cant violate without consequencesAnderson: nations are “imagined communities”- What’s responsible for pride, nationalism, why do people go to war for their country? Benedict Arnold - Simultaneity o things we do at the same time (celebrate holidays, watch superbowl)o causes connection between people in communityo read same literature, watch same movies that brings us together - key symbols hold nations togethero flag, national anthem o historical symbol – George Washingtono educational systems Ethnic groups- ascribed status - plural society – multiple kinds of identities that interact- assimilation – pressure for people to adapt to mainstream culture, learn language and give up mother tongue - melting pot – (America) includes many different cultureso people may become more like each other over time- multiculturalism – positive value of cultural difference- ethnocentrism and stereotypes – conflict associated with many societies built of different ethnic groups- prejudice – negative attitudes