These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. !Outline(of(Last(Lecture((I. What!holds!society!together?!1. Mechanical!solidarity!2. Organic!solidarity!II. Ferdinand!1. Geminschaft!2. Gesellschaft!III. Sir!Henry!Maine!1. Status!2. Contract!IV. Benedict!Arnold!1. Simultaneity!2. Key!Symbols!V. Ethnic!groups!1. Plural!Society!2. Assimilation!3. Melting!pot!4. Multiculturalism!5. Ethnocentrism!6. Discrimination!a. De!facto!b. De!jure!c. Institutional!discrimination!d. Hidden!privilege/gatekeeping!7. Environmental!racism!Outline(of(Today’s(Lecture(I. History!of!ethnographic!research!1. Herodotus!2. Ibn!Khaldun!3. Armchair!Anthropology!a. James!Frazer!4. Franz!Boas!5. Bronislaw!Malinowski!II. Social!Science!Experiments!1. Linear!hypothesis!testing!2. Artificial!settings!!Anthrcul(101(Kirsch,(Stuart!2013(Winter(Week(3(Lecture(4(January(23(! !3. Natural!settings!4. Practice!5. Reliability!Today’s(Lecture!History!of!ethnographic!research!• Herodotus(o Systematic!comparison!between!societies!o Described!more!than!50!societies!–!their!natural!environment,!language,!rule,!laws,!government,!warfare!o Interested!in!links!between!ancient!Egypt!and!Greece!and!the!diffusion!of!ideas!between!the!two!cultures!!o Social!evolution!in!the!history!of!the!world!o History!is!linear!it!continues!on!and!evolves!o Three!epochs:! Gods! Heroes! Men!• Ibn(Khaldun(o Required!education!by!traveling!to!various!centers!of!learning!in!the!middle!east!o Thought!about!transformations!in!society!o Four!stages!of!society:! City_state!–!weak!control!of!hinterlands!! Prosperity!–!control!trade!routes,!use!wealth!to!develop!arts!and!sciences! Corruption!–!rulers!became!corrupt! Take_over!by!reformers!and!nomads!• Victorian!‘armchair!anthropology’!–!never!got!out!of!their!comfortable!seat!but!collected!information!from!around!the!world!and!thought!about!differences!and!similarities!among!humans!o James!Frazer!! Not!a!good!role!model! He!did!not!have!any!empathy!with!the!“savages”! Ethnocentric!(((((! !• Franz(Boas(o Working!a!field!called!“psychophysics”!–!how!people!perceive!their!environment!o Traveled!to!view!how!people!in!the!arctic!perceived!the!color!of!water!!o Challenged!and!discredited!racist!arguments!that!were!popular!in!the!U.S!and!the!assumptions!on!which!immigration!quotas!were!made!!o people!said!way!your!head!was!shape!influenced!the!amount!of!intelligence!you!had! Boas!compared!the!head!shape!of!people!who!had!immigrated!and!people!who!were!native!to!the!U.S!and!found!no!correlation!with!genetic!differences!or!intelligence.!o Demonstrated!independence!of!language,!culture,!and!biology!!o ‘shreds!&!patches’! a!whole!bunch!of!values!brought!together!o ‘geist’!=!spirit/essence! holds!culture!together!• Bronislaw(Malinowski(o Trobriand!Islands!! Frist!to!conduct!long!term!research!because!he!was!stuck!there!due!to!World!War!II!o Created!a!revolution!in!anthropological!field!work!!o Participant!observation!! getting!involved!in!peoples!lives! !engaging!with!people!o principles!of!participant!observation! live!with!people!–!turn!to!a!new!community!for!companionship! learn!their!language!! participate!in!their!activities!! see!the!world!from!their!point!of!view!! phonemic!–!experience!near,!their!perspective! phonetic!–!experience!distant,!our!perspective!! humor!is!most!difficult!to!understand!in!a!cross!cultural!experience!! reciprocal!relationships!!_!must!establish!relationships!with!people!social!science!experiments!!• linear!hypothesis!testing!o hypothesis!!o methodology!o experiment!o analyze!data!• artificial!settings!o experimental!method! go!into!lab,!ensure!experiment!can!be!replicated,!limit!number!of!changing!variables!! !o ‘simplified!worlds’! limited!context,!reduction!of!complexity!of!world!that!we!live!in!! control!the!number!of!choices!you!have! different!from!real!world!o replicate!to!verify!results!!o feedback!between!data!and!theory! questionsdatamore!questionsmore!datarefined!questions!!refined!data!• natural!settings!o collect!data!in!real!world!• practice!o on!behavior!and!action!o what!people!say!and!do!are!often!very!different!(when!you!talk!to!parents!and!give!an!edited!version!of!what!you!did!on!Saturday!night)!!• reliability?!!o Internal!consistency!–!is!there!an!argument!that!holds!the!story!together!o Complimentary!methods!! !conduct!a!survey! interview!
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