Current LectureWhat is culture?culture completes usFrom an evolutionary prospective we are bioculturalFrom an interpretive perspective culture is the way we assign meaning to the worldTylor (1871) – first modern definition of cultureCulture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and an other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”Culture vs. culturesCulture: human trait we all sharecultures: sense that there are multiple different cultures in the worldTylors idea of culture related to everyday life along with specifics like ballet and everyday art - Wasn’t just what the elites didCulture = integrated wholeArnoldThought we should restrict culture to the finer things in lifeCulture is learnedEnculturation: when a child learns their culture, teach them mannersCulture is symbolicSymbol: any object or sign that stands for something elseGeertz (1973) - culture is organized in terms of symbolsCulture is inherited as a member if societyPublic symbols vs. private knowledgePublic symbols: symbols occur in public placesPrivate knowledge: what you need to know to understand those symbolsAspects of CultureCulture is shared by members of a social groupWhen someone dies, their culture lives on with later generationsCulture operates at multiple levelsCulture is always changingDiffusionDirect: Two groups live side by side and one group picks up ideas from the otherIndirect: ideas spread between groups or societies that are not directly connectedAcculturationWhen one culture becomes like anotherCan be domination by one society which forces another one to change, but can also be voluntaryConvergenceTwo societies independently come up with the same ideasGlobalizationChanges are happening very rapidly around the world at the same timeCorporations play a huge role in this changeUneven processSimultaneity : we have a sense that were occupying the same time as everyone else in the world because we can communicate instantlyCulture is like a silent languagemany assumptions go unexaminedHabitusthe unconscious aspects of culture that are never explicitly taught but are absorbedex. Table manners, postures, gesturesculture is most apparent in contrast – contrast in culture is noticeable in other cultures compared to your ownpsychic unity – we are all made of the same psychological makeuphuman universalsBiological universals – human children dependent on parents, capacity for human thinkingSocial-cultural universals – all human beings have familiesform varies by householdVariation/particularitiesdifferent cultures emphasize different valuesGeneralitiesthings that are present in many but not all societiesresponses to differenceEthnocentrism – cultural self –centeredness, judging other cultures and viewing your culture as superior. Assuming your culture is the only correct, human way of livingCultural relativismimportance of understanding other cultures in their own termssuspending judgments of other societiesLecture 2 ANTHRCUL 101Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Anthropology?1. Holism2. Human Nature3. CultureII. Approaches to anthropology1. Evolutionary2. InterpretiveIII. Sub-disciplines of Anthropology1. Biological anthropology2. Archeology3. Cultural anthropology4. Applied anthropology5. Linguistic anthropologyOutline of Current LectureI. What is Culture?1. Tylor2. Arnold3. Culture is symbolica. GeertzII. Aspects of Culture1. Diffusion2. Acculturation 3. Convergence4. Globalization5. HabitusIII. Human Universals 1. Biological2. Social-Cultural3. Variation/particularities 4. Generalities 5. Ethnocentrism6. Cultural relativismCurrent LectureWhat is culture? - culture completes uso From an evolutionary prospective we are bioculturalo From an interpretive perspective culture is the way we assign meaning to the world- Tylor (1871) – first modern definition of cultureo Culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and an other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”o Culture vs. cultures Culture: human trait we all share cultures: sense that there are multiple different cultures in the world o Tylors idea of culture related to everyday life along with specifics like ballet and everyday art - Wasn’t just what the elites dido Culture = integrated whole - Arnoldo Thought we should restrict culture to the finer things in lifeo Culture is learned Enculturation: when a child learns their culture, teach them mannerso Culture is symbolic Symbol: any object or sign that stands for something else Geertz (1973) - culture is organized in terms of symbols  Culture is inherited as a member if society Public symbols vs. private knowledge - Public symbols: symbols occur in public places- Private knowledge: what you need to know to understand those symbols Aspects of Culture- Culture is shared by members of a social groupo When someone dies, their culture lives on with later generationso Culture operates at multiple levels o Culture is always changing- Diffusiono Direct: Two groups live side by side and one group picks up ideas from the other o Indirect: ideas spread between groups or societies that are not directly connected - Acculturationo When one culture becomes like anothero Can be domination by one society which forces another one to change, but can also be voluntary- Convergence o Two societies independently come up with the same ideas - Globalizationo Changes are happening very rapidly around the world at the same timeo Corporations play a huge role in this change o Uneven process o Simultaneity : we have a sense that were occupying the same time as everyone else in the world because we can communicate instantly- Culture is like a silent language o many assumptions go unexamined - Habituso the unconscious aspects of culture that are never explicitly taught but are absorbed o ex. Table manners, postures, gestures o culture is most apparent in contrast – contrast in culture is noticeable in other cultures compared to your own o psychic unity – we are all made of the same psychological makeup human universals- Biological universals – human children dependent on parents, capacity for human thinking- Social-cultural universals – all human beings have families o form varies by household- Variation/particularities o different cultures emphasize different values - Generalities o