BIOL 240W: EXAM 2.4
31 Cards in this Set
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Essential Nutrients
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Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Vitamins
Minerals
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Essential Amino Acids
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Eight for adults
Animals = complete source
Required for Immune system
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Vitamins
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Water-soluble
Fat soluble - can accumulate to toxic levels
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Minerals
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Require large amounts
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Alimentary canal
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ingestion -> digestion -> absorption -> elimination
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Peristalsis
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involuntary moves food through digestive tract
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Salivary glands
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Salivary amylase - begins chemical digestion
Mucin - slippery glycoprotein
Buffers - prevent tooth decay
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Mumps
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viral infection
primary parotid
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Esophagus
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10 inch tube to stomach
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Parietal Cells
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secrete HCL
Intrinsi factor for vitamin B12 absorption
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Chief cells
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secrete pepsinogen
HCL converts some to pepsin
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Chyme
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ingested food an gastric juice
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Pyloric sphincter
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stomach to small intetstine - prevents small intestine overload
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Where does Complete Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients Occur?
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Small Intestine - complete digestion into monomers
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Duodenum
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mixes chyme with secretions from:
pancreas
liver
wall of duodenum
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Pancreas
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Alkaline secretions
Digestive enzymes: amylases, proteases, nucleases and lipases
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Liver
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Bile - emulsifies, stored in gallbladder
Gallstones - crystallization of cholesterol
Too much cholesterol
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Gastrin
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released from stomach
causes more gastric juices to be released
inhibited by low pH
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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release triggered by f.a and a.a.
Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile
Inhibits acid release by stomach
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Secretin
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release triggered by acid
stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate
inhuition of stomach
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Epithelial transport
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Passive - down concentration gradient
Active - can absorb greater amount
amino acids, small peptides, vitamins, glucose
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Small Intestine Blood Flow
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Directly to liver to remove toxic substances and regulate nutrient balances
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Fat Absorption
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Trlglyceride breakdown -> diffusion -> reformed triglycerides
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Triglyceride Degradation
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fatty acids
monoglycerides
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Chhylomicron
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water soluble globules
triglycerides coated with cholesterol, phospholipis and proteins
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Large Intestine
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Elimination of undigested semi-solid waste
Rich flora of bacteria generate gases, vitamins B and K
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Extra Calories
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Liver and muscles (glycogen)
Fat
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Utilization of Fat Storages
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Liver Glycogen -> Muscle Glycogen -> Fat
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Obesity
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Contributes to:
Type 2 diabetes
Colon cancer
Breast cancer
Cardiovascular disease
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Hormonal satiety surpressants
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Leptin - fat tissue secretion
CCK and gastric distention
Insulin
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Appetit stimulant
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Ghrelin - secreted by stomach
Innervates hypothalamus
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BIOL 240W: EXAM 2.4