BIOL 240W: EXAM 1
146 Cards in this Set
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Evolution
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=The process of change that has transformed life on earth.
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All species of animals must:
(a) take in nutrients from the environment and get rid of waste from the body,
(b) deliver nutrients to and remove waste from all cells,
(c) maintain a fairly stable internal environment,
(d) reproduce at some point in the life cycle.
(e) all of the abo…
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Answer: (e) all of the above
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Challenges that all animals face (x4)
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-diffusion
-cellular processes
-movement
-organization of individual cells into tissues, organs, and organ systems
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Organizational hierarchy (x5)
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-cells
-tissues
-organs
-organs systems
-organism
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Main components of digestive system
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-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-intestines
-liver
-pancreas
-anus
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Main functions of digestive system
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-food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)
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Main components of circulatory system
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-heart
-blood vessels
-blood
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Main functions of circulatory system
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-internal distribution of materials
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Main components of respiratory system
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-lungs
-trachea
-other breathing tubes
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Main functions of respiratory system
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-gas exchange (uptake of oxygen, disposal of carbon dioxide)
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Main components of immune and lymphatic systems
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-bone marrow
-lymph nodes
-thymus
-spleen
-lymph vessels
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Main functions of immune and lymphatic systems
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-body defense (fighting infection and cancer)
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Main components of excretory system
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-kidneys
-uterus
-urinary bladder
-urethra
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Main functions of excretory system
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-disposal of metabolic wastes
-regulation of osmotic balance of blood
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Main components of endocrine system
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-pituitary
-thyroid
-pancreas
-adrenal
-other hormone-secreting glands
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Main functions of endocrine system
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-coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism)
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Main components of reproductive system
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-ovaries and testes
-associated organs
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Main functions of reproductive system
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-reproduction
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Main components of nervous system
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-brain
-spinal cord
-nerves
-sensory organs
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Main functions of nervous system
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-coordination of body activities
-detection of stimuli
-formulation of responses to them
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Main components of integumentary system
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-skin and its derivatives (hair, claws, skin, glands)
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Main functions of integumentary system
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-protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration
-thermoregulation
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Main components of skeletal system
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-skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)
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Main functions of skeletal system
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-body support
-protection of internal organs
-movement
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Main components of muscular system
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-skeletal muscles
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Main functions of muscular system
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-locomotion and other movement
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Four types of tissue
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-epithelial tissue
-muscle tissue
-connective tissue
-nervous tissue
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Epithelial tissue
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=one of four types of tissue; sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities.
-covers the body and lines internal cavities
-functions include protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration
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Muscle tissue
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=one of four types of tissue;
-contractile
-functions include support and movement
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Connective tissue
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=one of four types of tissue; Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.
-most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue.
-functions include support and protection
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Nervous tissue
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=one of four types of tissue;
-highly specialized. Can sense stimuli and then conduct strong electrical impulses along the cell membrane
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Four functions of epithelial tissue
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-protection
-secretion
-absorption
-filtration
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What will you find in nervous tissue?
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-neurons
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What will you find in loose connective tissue?
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-elastic fibers
-collagenous fibers
-fibroblasts
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What will you find in dense connective tissue?
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-tendon cells
-collagenous fibers
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What will you find in adipose (connective tissue)?
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-fat droplets
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What will you find in blood (connective tissue)?
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-white blood cells
-red blood cells
-platelets
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What will you find in cartilage (connective tissue)?
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-matrix
-chondrocytes
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What will you find in bone (connective tissues)?
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-canals
-cells
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What are the different types of connective tissue? (x6)
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-loose
-dense
-adipose
-blood
-cartilage
-bone
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What are the four different types of epithelial tissue?
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-ciliated columnar
-columnar
-cuboidal
-squamous
-ciliated columnar
-columnar
-cuboidal
-squamous
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What are the four types of muscular tissue?
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-cardiac
-smooth
-skeletal
-myoepithelium
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Cuboidal epithelium (picture); function and common location
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-secretion
-kidney tubules and many glands including thyroid and salivary glands
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Simple columnar epithelium (picture); function and common location
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-nutrient absorption (found where secretion or active absorption is important)
-intestines (secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients)
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Simple squamous epithelium (picture); function and common location
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-exchange by diffusion
-thin and leaky
-lines blood vessels and air sacs of the lungs where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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=single layer of cells varying in height and position of their nuclei.
-often forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of respiratory tract.
-beating cilia sweep film of mucous along surface
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Stratified squamous epithelium (picture); function and common location
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-protective barrier
-regenerates rapidly
-skin and linings of the esophagus, mouth, anus, and vagina
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What might you see in cardiac muscle that you wouldn't see in other types of muscle tissue?
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=intercalated disks
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Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?
(a) muscle
(b) epithelial
(c) connective
(d) blood
(e) nervous
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Answer: (d) blood
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Tissue
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=groups of cells with a common structure and function
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What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?
-simple epithelium
-squamous epi.
-stratified epi.
-simple cuboidal cells
-columnar epi.
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=Answer: stratified epithelium
-explanation: Stratified epithelium consists of multiple layers; this thickness provides a protective barrier.
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What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?
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=Answer: simple columnar epithelium
-Simple columnar epithelium, such as that found lining the intestines, is specialized for absorption and secretion.
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Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?
-stratified squamous epithelium
-simple cuboidal cells
-stratified cuboidal epithelium
-simple squamous epithelium
-simple columnar epithelium
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=Answer: simple squamous epithelium
-explanation: This is a thin single layer of cells that allows for diffusion.
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What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?
-stratified squamous epi
-stratified cuboidal epi
-simple squamous epi
-simple cuboidal cells
-stratified transitional epi
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=Answer: simple cuboidal epithelium
-explanation: The simple cuboidal cells of kidney tubules allow for both secretion and absorption.
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Basement membrane
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=The floor of an epithelial membrane on which the basal cells rest.
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How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?
(a) Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
(b) Connective tissue consists of contractile proteins.
(c) Connective tissue consists of cells capable of tra…
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Answer: (a) Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
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Which of these describes loose connective tissue?
(a) It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.
(b) It is composed of many fibers that connect bone to bone and muscle to bone.
(c) It is a rigid material that provides structural support.
(d) It transports nu…
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Answer: (a) It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.
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Cartilage is found _____.
(a) surrounding organs such as the kidneys
(b) in the heart
(c) at the ends of bones such as the femur
(d) covering the surface of your body
(e) connecting one bone to another
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Answer: (c) at the ends of bones such as the femur
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_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.
(a) bone
(b) blood
(c) adipose tissue
(d) muscle tissue
(e) cartilage)
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Answer: (b) blood
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Matrix
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=The nonliving component of connective tissue, usually secreted by cells and consisting of fibers embedded in a foundation that may be liquid, jellylike, or solid.
-Made of organic and inorganic material
-Organic material includes fibers; inorganic material includes water and minerals
…
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What is the function of adipose tissue?
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=storage, insulation, and padding
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What are the matrix and function(s) of blood?
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-liquid plasma matrix
-transport
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What are the locations, matrix and function(s) of cartilage?
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-rubbery collagenous matrix
-found in flexible parts of skeleton
-support
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What are the locations, fibers and function(s) of fibrous connective tissue?
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-parallel fibers
-found in tendons and ligaments
-used to connect bones and muscles
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What are the locations, fibers, and function(s) of loose connective tissue?
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-loose weave of fibers
-used to hold organs in place
-widespread packing material
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What are the locations, fibers, and function(s) of bone?
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-collagen fibers in calcium salts
-found in rigid parts of skeleton
-used for support
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Skeletal muscle: cell shape, striation, location, function
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-unbranched fibers
-striated
-found attached to bones
-function is voluntary movements of body
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Cardiac muscle: cell shape, striation, location, function
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-branched fibers
-striated
-found in heart
-function is contraction of heart
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Smooth muscle: cell shape, striation, location, function
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-spindle-shaped cells
-unstriated
-found in digestive tract, arteries, bladder
-function for contraction of other internal organs
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What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?
(a) smooth muscle
(b) skeletal muscle
(c) striated muscle
(d) voluntary muscle
(e) cardiac muscle
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Answer: (a) smooth muscle
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Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.
(a) branched
(b) unstriated
(c) unbranched and cylindrical
(d) spindle shaped
(e) striated
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Answer: (a) branched
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muscle is attached to bones.
(a) smooth
(b) involuntary
(c) cardiac
(d) branched
(e) skeletal
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Answer: (e) skeletal
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Nervous tissue: cell type, location, and function
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-neurons
-found in brain and spinal cord
-transmitting signals
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Dendrite
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=One of usually numerous, short, highly branched processes of a neuron that convey nerve impulses toward the cell body.
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Axon
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=A typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells.
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A neuron consists of _____.
(a) a cell body only
(b) dendrites only
(c) axons only
(d) dendrites, a cell body, and axons
(e) striations
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Answer: (d) dendrites, a cell body, and axons
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Nervous tissue functions _____.
(a) as a physical barrier to the invasion of pathogens
(b) to physically move the body
(c) to sense stimuli
(d) to physically support the body
(e) in the absorption of nutrients
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Answer: (c) to sense stimuli
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Which type of cell has long extensions and transmits signals?
(a) nerve cell
(b) muscle cell
(c) skin cell
(d) intestinal cell
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Answer: (a) nerve cell
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Which type of cell has a large volume and absorbs nutrients?
(a) nerve cell
(b) muscle cell
(c) skin cell
(d) intestinal cell
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Answer: (d) intestinal cell
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Which type of cell has proteins that slide back and forth and contracts?
(a) nerve cell
(b) muscle cell
(c) skin cell
(d) intestinal cell
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Answer: (b) muscle cell
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Which type of cell is closely joined and functions to protect?
(a) nerve cell
(b) muscle cell
(c) skin cell
(d) intestinal cell
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Answer: (c) skin cell
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Which of the following is a correct match of cell type with structure?
(a) nerve cell ... closely joined
(b) skin cell ... has a large volume
(c) intestinal cell ... closely joined
(d) muscle cell ... has proteins that slide back and forth
(e) skin cell ... has long extensions
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Answer: (d) muscle cell... has proteins that slide back and forth
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Homeostasis
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=the relatively constant chemical and physical conditions in cells, tissues, and organs of an animal
-any process that actively maintains a fairly stable environemtn
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What types of protein fibers so cells in connective tissue secrete? (x3)
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-collagenous fibers
-reticular fibers
-elastic fibers
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What is loose connective tissue?
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=most common type of connective tissue that binds things together. It is tough, flexible and has a consistency like a cotton ball being pulled apart.
-fibroblasts produce collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers as part of a gel-like matrix
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What do fibroblasts produce? In what type of connective tissue are they normally found?
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=produce collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers as part of a gel-like matrix
-found in loose connective tissue
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What do chondrocytes produce? In what type of connective tissue are they normally found?
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produce different types of fibers to form different cartilages
-found in cartilage
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Glia (Glial cells)
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-found in nervous tissue; many different types
-nourish, insulate, protect, and maintain nerve cells
-comprise most of the mass of the brain
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Endotherm
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=an animal that uses heat from metabolism to regulate body temperature
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Set point
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=a normal or target value for a regulated internal parameter, such as body temperature or the level of hydration
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Sensors
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=cells, organs, or structures located throughout the body that perceive changes in some parameter of the external or internal environment
-example is body temperature
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Integrator
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=a component of an animal's nervous system that compares the incoming information with the set point.
-most are a part of the brain or central nervous system
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Effector
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=a cell, organ, or structure that takes appropriate action to return the value to the set point
-usually under the control of the nervous system
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Negative feedback
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=a corrective response in which effectors reduce or oppose the change in internal conditions. (reduces rather than amplifies) a
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Which term describes a mechanism by which the internal conditions of an organism are kept at set values without regard to the external conditions?
(a) Thermoregulation.
(b) Regulatory homeostasis.
(c) Conformational homeostasis.
(d) Negative feedback.
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Answer: (b) regulatory homeostasis
-explanation: Regulatory homeostasis involves adjusting the internal conditions of an organism to set values without regard to the external conditions.
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Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium?
(a) Creates an internal environment that is different from the external environment.
(b) Regulates the excretion of waste.
(c) Controls the exchange of nutrients between the internal and external environments.
(d) A…
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Answer: (d) Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment
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Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.
(a) true
(b) false
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Answer: (a) true
-explanation: Enzyme activity depends on conditions within a cell, such as temperature and pH, which must be kept within a certain narrow range.
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Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value?
(a) set point
(b) effector
(c) sensor
(d) integrator
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Answer: (d) integrator
-Explanation: An integrator sends instructions to an effector based on sensory information.
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Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?
(a) set point
(b) effector
(c) sensor
(d) integrator
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Answer: (c) sensor
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Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body?
(a) shivering
(b) sweating
(c) dilating blood vessels
(d) panting
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Answer: (a) shivering
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Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response?
(a) The arrival of platelets at a wound site stimulates the recruitment of more platelets to form a clot.
(b) The onset of contractions during childbirth stimulates the release of a hormone that stimulates furth…
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Answer: (c) After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.
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Positive feedback
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=A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. (amplified rather than reduces stimulus)
-example: childbirth... amplifies until baby is born
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Which of these is an example of negative feedback?
(a) As a blood clot begins to form, the process of its formation gets faster and faster.
(b) After you eat, glucagon stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels.
(c) After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar leve…
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Answer: (c) After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.
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Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has _____.
(a) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen
(b) less surface area
(c) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio
(d) less surface area per unit of volume
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Answer: (d) less surface area per unit of volume
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All animals, whether large or small, have _____.
(a) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac
(b) a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm
(c) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium
(d) an external body surface that is dry
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Answer: (c) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium
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Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is _____.
(a) stratified squamous epithelium
(b) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
(c) simple squamous epithelium
(d) simple columnar epithelium
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Answer: (c) simple squamous epithelium
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Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with _____.
(a) epithelial tissue
(b) neural tissue
(c) connective tissue
(d) smooth muscle cells
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Answer: (a) epithelial tissue
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Connective tissues typically have _____.
(a) the ability to shorten upon stimulation
(b) little space between the membranes of adjacent cells
(c) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
(d) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses
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Answer: (c) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
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If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear will return because the cartilage of your ear contains_____.
(a) adipose tissue
(b) reticular fibers
(c) collagenous fibers
(d) elastic fibers
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Answer: (d) elastic fibers
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Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____.
(a) its cells can move from place to place
(b) it is found within all the organs of the body
(c) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
(d) it contains more than one type of cell
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Answer: (c) its cells are separated form each other by an extracellular matrix
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Most types of communication between cells utilize _____.
(a) chemical or electrical signals
(b) the movement of the cells
(c) the exchange of cytosol between the cells
(d) the exchange of DNA between the cells
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Answer: (a) chemical or electrical signals
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All types of muscle tissue have _____.
(a) cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated
(b) striated banding patterns seen under the microscope
(c) a response that can be consciously controlled
(d) interactions between actin and myosin
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Answer: (d) interactions between actin and myosin
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Cardiac muscle cells are both _____.
(a) smooth and under voluntary control
(b) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks
(c) striated and under voluntary control
(d) smooth and under involuntary control
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Cardiac muscle cells are both _____.
(a) smooth and under voluntary control
(b) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks
(c) striated and under voluntary control
(d) smooth and under involuntary control
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Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by _____.
(a) cardiac muscle
(b) smooth muscle
(c) striated muscle
(d) skeletal muscle
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Answer: (b) smooth muscle
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You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface. This specific tissue is most likely _____.
(a) epithelial
(b) adipose
(c) a neuron
(d) a tendon
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Answer: (a) epithelial
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Environmental influences appear to contribute to cellular mutations that lead to tumor growth. For example, certain diets lead to higher incidence of colon cancers, and overexposure to sunlight leads to higher incidence of skin cancers. The tissues in closest contact with a carcinogen or …
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Answer: (d) epithelial
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An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?
(a) The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.
(b…
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Answer: (d) the mouse will because it has a higher surface area to volume ratio
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You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?
(a) Round the clay up into a sphere.
(b) Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape.
(c) Flatten the cube into a pa…
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Answer: (a) round the clay into a sphere
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If an organism was discovered that had no epithelial tissues, it would require adaptations to maintain homeostasis in which of the following areas? The organism would require adaptations _____.
(a) in its skeleton for structure
(b) that would prevent water loss from the body in a terr…
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Answer: (b) that would prevent water loss from the body in a terrestrial environment
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Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency, causing more contractions to occur until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of regulation?
(a) positive feedback
(b) enzymatic catalysis
(c) feedback…
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Answer: (a) positive feedback
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When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is t…
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Answer: (b) negative feedback
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An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when _____.
(a) the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C
(b) a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water
(c) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietar…
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Answer: (c) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise
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You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of …
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Answer: (b) conformation
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Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
(a) During birthing contractions, oxytocin (a hormone) is released and acts to stimulate further contractions.
(b) When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Ins…
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Answer: (b)
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Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In freshwater, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt…
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Answer: (b) acclimatization
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interstitial fluid
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=the fluid filling the spaces between cells in most animals
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What is the apical surface of an epithelium?
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=the surface that faces the lumen (cavity) or outside of the organ and is exposed to fluid or air. Covered in microvilli. Opposite of basal surface
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Macrophage
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=a phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell
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Ligament
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=a fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints
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Tendons
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=a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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Conformer
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=an animal for which an internal condition conforms to (changes in accordance with) changes in an environmental variable.
-example: a fish... as water gets colder, so does the fish
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Regulator
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=an animal for which mechanisms of homeostasis moderate internal changes in a particular variable in the face of external fluctuation of that variable. (
-example: warm blooded animals
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Acclimatization
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=the gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment.
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What are some of the things that homeostasis regulates?
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body temp, ion concentration, glucose, glycogen, water balance, ph, oxygen, metabolism, cell division, bp, hr, etc.
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set point
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=the ideal value that a homeostatic environment seeks to maintain.
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Integrating center
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=in homeostatic process, this makes the decision on what to do about information transmitted by a sensor.
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effector
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=(sometimes called the target) implements any change decided upon by the integrating center in a homeostatic process
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Arteries
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=carry blood from heart to organs throughout the body
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Arterioles
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=a vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.
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Capillary
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=small blood vessel that consists of a single layer of endothelial cells and allows exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid.
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Venule
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=a vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein
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Vein
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=a vessel that carries blood toward the heart (in animals)
=a vascular bundle in a leaf (in plants)
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Atria
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=a chamber of the vertebrate heart that receives blood from the veins and transfers blood to a ventricle
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Ventricles
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=a heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart
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Systole
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=the stage of the cardiac cycle in which a heart chamber contracts and pumps blood
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Diastole
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=the stage of the cardiac cycle in which a heart chamber is relaxed and fills with blood
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BIOL 240W: EXAM 2.4