HIST 151:Final Exam
166 Cards in this Set
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History
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Organized, integrated way of thinking about the past
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Historical practice
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Historians synthesize, analyze, and interpret
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Primary Source
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A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study
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Secondary source
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Source that interprets/ analyzes a primary source
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Progressive story
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Things get better and better until they climax at the end
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Declinisionist Story
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Things keep getting worse until the end of the story
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Sharecropping
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Type of farm tendency that developed after the civil war in which landless workers, often black slaves, farmed the land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop
Came to dominate much of the cotton south and much of the tobacco areas, initially rose as a comprimise between …
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13th Amendment
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Passed in 1864 and abolishes slavery, but doesn't give right to vote, citizenship, etc
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
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Along with the 14th amendment, guaranteed the rights of citizenship to former slaves
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14th Amendment
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Placed in the constitution the principle of citizenship for all people born in the U.S. but doesn't give right to vote
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15th Amendment
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-Ratified in 1870
-Allowed everyone to vote besides women/Native Americans
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Election of 1876
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Democrat: Samuel J. Tilden vs Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was so close that the Bargain of 1877 had to be imposed
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Bargain of 1877
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Unable to solve the election on their own, congress appointed a 15 member Electoral Commision with Republicans having a 8-7 majority resulting in Hayes being elected president.
Negotiated that Hayes would recognize Democratic control over the south and to avoid intervention in local af…
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Railroads
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Made possible the second industrial revolution by creating new concepts of time and space, opening vast new areas to commercial farming and creating a truly national market for manufactured goods. Caused the creation of four time zones still in use today.
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Vertical Integration
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Control everything in business; Used by Carnegie
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Robber Barons/ Captains of Industry
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Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, Rockefeller
Robber Barons is more derogatory meaning "stingy"
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Credit Mobiler Scandal
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In 1872, millions of dollars in overcharges for building the Union Pacific Railroad were exposed; High ranking officials of the Ulysses S. Grant administration were implicated but never charged
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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In 1882, halted Chinese immigration to the U.S. and was the first major act of congress to restrict immigration
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Knights of Labor
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Founded in 1869, the first national union lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890's; supplemented by the American Federation of Labor
Sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms
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Great Railroad Strike, 1877
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- A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.
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Haymarket Affair
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Violence during an anarchist protest at Haymarket Square in Chicago in 1886 resulted in the deaths of 8 including 7 policemen, led to the trial of 8 anarchist leaders for conspiracy to commit murder; pinned on the labor unions like Knights of Labor
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Pullman Strike
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Strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Pullman, Illinois, in 1894 by the American Railway Union under Eugene V. Debs; the strike was crushed by court injunctions and federal troops two months later
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Social Darwinism
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Application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society; Used the concept of survival of the fittest to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty
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Social Gospel
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Preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late ninteenth and early twentieth centuries; advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization
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gender
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the way culture grafts meaning onto sexed individuals throughout their lives
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Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier Thesis
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1893; American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
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Mechanization of the Western Farm
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Farming was advancing due to new machines that could do the same work that they used to have to do by hand. Reduced time and money it took to harvest crops
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Collapse of Cattle Industry
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Began in the early 1880's because of corruption, over-grazing, and disease within cattle populations
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The Great Die-up of 1886-7
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About 90% of cattle on the northern planes were lost due to a terrible winter full of blizzards
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barbed wire
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the invention of barbed wired led to the end of open-range ranching - farmers could fence in huge tracts of land
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prior appropriation
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concept of water ownership in which the landowner's right to use available water is based on government-administered permit system. FIRST IN LINE, FIRST IN USE
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Federal Indian Policy
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-reservation lands broken up, allotted to individuals
-religious ceremonies deemed illegal
-tribal govts dissolved/reorganized
-native children taken to boarding schools
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Dawes Act
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1887; Authorized the president to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual indians; aimed to americanize natives
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Populists (Omaha Platform)
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-Born in the election of 1892 and died in 1896 when they endorsed William Jennings Bryan
-Members were farmers with low economic security
-Populist focus: weakening of banks, direct election of senators, free silver, currency inflation, rejection of laissez-fairre, regulation of RR, sys…
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election of 1896
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Democrats and populists wanted Williams Jennings Bryan to win, republicans wanted McKinley to win, called the first modern election because of campaigning and money spent. McKinley won. Fed off of populist movement
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gold standard vs. free silver
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Struggle between debtors and creditors. Farmers and small businessmen (debtors) pushed for silver coinage, which believed to put more money in circulation, lower interest rates.
Large businesses (creditors) preferred money back by gold, more stable.
-gold standard meant that every doll…
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Socialism
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economic policies that call for big government and strong labor unions to match big corporations and market monopolies.
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Anarchism is
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a belief that all forms of government interfere with individual rights and should be abolished.
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Emma Goldman
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"most dangerous woman in America"
Marriage oppresses women; "free love"
arrested for distributing birth control literature
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Splendid Little War
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1898, origins of war lay in Cuban struggle for inde from Spain. 10 yrs of g wfare followed Cuban revolt in 1868. suffering caused by Spanish policy of moving civilians into detention camps, Cuban struggle won support from US. Feb 15 1898 accidental explosion American battleship maine in H…
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Philippine War
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American military campaign that suppressed the movement for Philippine independence after the Spanish-American War; America's death toll was over 4,000 and the Philippines' was even higher
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Plessy vs Feruson
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1896; U.S. supreme court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow law that permitted or required "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites
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Lynching
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Practice, particularly widespread in the South between 1890 and 1940, in which persons (usually black) accused of a crime were murdered by mobs before standing trial. Lynchings often took place before large crowds, with law enforcement authorities not intervening
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Moral Reform:
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attacks of immoral behavior in the US: tobacco, smoking, prizefighting/gambling, alcohol, prostitution, opium and morphine (drugs of the day)
Helps american's realize this could be the problem, we are raising our children to be crazy and they are the future..
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Settlement Houses
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Late nineteenth-century movement to offer a broad array of social services in urban immigrant neighborhoods; Chicago's Hull House was one of the hundreds of settlement houses that operated by the early twentieth century
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Temperance
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Self control, abstinence from alcohol
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Women's Trade Union League (WTUL)
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worker's union for women created by Mary Kenney O'Sullivan and Leonora O'Reilly
first national association dedicated to promoting women's labor issues
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Suffrage
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The right to vote
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Progressive Era Ideals
Theodore Roosevelt
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1901-1908; progressive governer of NY, fought in Spanish-American War, constructed Panama Canal, Republican, Became president upon McKinley's death
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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1890; First law to restrict monopolistic trusts and business combinations; extended by the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
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Newlands Reclamation Act
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The act allowed the federal government to sell western public lands to individuals in parcels not exceeding 160 acres, and to use the proceeds from such sales to finance irrigation projects.
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16th Amendment
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1913; taxes on income
US no longer had to tax high on imports to gain government revenue
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17th amendment
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Direct election of US Senators by popular vote
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18th Amendment
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prohibited the sale, transportation, and manufacturing of alcholic beverages .
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19th Amendment
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Granted women the right to vote in 1920.
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Panama Canal
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Waterway between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
completed by the U.S. in 1914
U.S. used this as another way to expand territory and power
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Zimmerman Telegram
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1917; From the German foreign secretary to the German minister in Mexico instructing him to offer to recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona for Mexico if it would fight against the U.S. to divert attention from Germany in the event that the U.S. joined the wat
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Pancho Villa
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Pancho Villa (He was Mexican who led a rebellion against the Carranza government; originally, he supported the US, but later took arms against it after president Wilson recognized the Carranza government, even crossing the border into New Mexico and killing 17 Americans.)
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Mechanized Warfare
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1920s warfare began relying on machine guns, tanks, planes, etc.
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Trench Warfare
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A new type of fighting where trenches were dug and soldiers would hide and shoot in them
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Wilson's Plan Wilson's 14 Points
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1. Everyone will have a smaller army
2.complete freedom of the seas
3. no more war - illegal
4. League of Nations
5. self-determination of ethnic countries
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League of Nations
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1919; Organization of nations to mediate disputes and avoid war after WWI as part of the Treaty of Versailles; President Woodrow Wilson's "14 Points" speech proposed the formation of the league, that the U.S. never joined
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Great Influenza Epidemic
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1918-19; killed 3-6% of the world's population
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Fordism
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principles for mass production based on assembly-line techniques, scientific management, mass consumption based on higher wages, and sophisticated advertising techniques
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Red Scare
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Fear among man Americans after WWI of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general; a reaction to the Russian Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots
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Johnson-Reed Immigration Act
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1924; Immigration restriction. Changed immigration quota to 2% of resident nationalities and reduced the annual total
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KKK
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Organized in Tennessee in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s stressed white, Anglo-saxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremecy
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Flapper "The New Woman"
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Early to mid 20th century. Considered to be an educated woman who is married, does work and charity. Fashionably has short hair, high heels and short skirt. They dress as a marker of new identity and markers of modernity as a way of resisting accepted gender norms. Didn't rely on men as m…
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Scopes Trial
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1925; Trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties
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W.E.B. Dubois
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first black guy sociologist/ black Harvard grad;
developed "double consciousness," a mechanism that black ppl constantly maintain two behavioral scripts; being constrained to the behaviors predicted of them
interested in criminology, specifically Durkheim's anomie theory
cofounder of t…
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Red Summer/ Race Riots
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1919
The Red Summer of 1919 refers to a series of race riots took place between May and October of that year. Although riots occurred in more than thirty cities throughout the United States, the bloodiest events were in Chicago, Washington D.C. and Elaine, Ark.
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Marcus Garvey
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An immigrant from Jamaica who believed that African Americans should build a separate society
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Harlem Renaissance
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a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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Harding administration scandal in which the secretary of the interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California
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Black Tuesday
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The stock market crashes Tuesday, October 29, 1929
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Dust Bowl
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Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; Massive migration of farm families followed
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Okies
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Displaced families from the Oklahoma Dust Bowl who migrated to California during the 1930s in search of jobs
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Hobo Camps
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Hoovervilles; where millions of displaced americans lived after the strike of the dust bowl
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Fundamentalists
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Interpret scriptures literally and seek to establish direct personal relationship with higher beings and are relatively intolerant of non fundamentalists
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Hayes Code
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1930; created censorship of what could or could not be said in movies
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21st Amendment
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1933; cancelled the 18th amendment, relegalizing alcohol
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Bonus Army March 1932
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unemployed WWI veterans marched to congress looking for bonus compensation promised to them. March in Washington during depression.
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1932 Election
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took place in the midst of the Great Depression; the depression ruined Hoover’s plan of prosperity; Prohibition was a favorite Democratic target;
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New Deal
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1933; term used to describe President Franklin Roosevelt's relief, recovery, and reform programs designed to combat the Great Depression
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PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION (PWA)
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Short term: Money to states to create jobs. Made schools, parks, roads...
Long term: To help the economy/create jobs.
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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
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Formed to combat unemployment rates
Mostly aided young men
Paid them to do projects around the US - build camps, clean up, etc.
helps country as a whole because communities were being improved
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The second New Deal
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1935-36; Congress passed laws extending government oversight of banking industry and raising taxes for wealthy
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Social Security Act
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the New Deal Act that created AFDC, Social Security, and unemployment insurance
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Navajo tribes increase-- Livestock reduction
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- rebuilt communities around sheep and herding
- reservation was enlarged by gov.
- increased livestock take toll on environment- livestock reduction
- economically and emotionally devastated the Navajos
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isolationism
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idea that the US will be safer and more prosperous if it stays out of world affairs
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Selective Service Act, 1940
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1940 law authorizing a draft of young men, ages 21-36, for military service; allowed women to fight; First peace time draft
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Lend-Lease Act (1941)
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Permitted the US to lend or lease arms and other supplies to Allies, signifying incresing likelihood of american involvment in World War II
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Atlantic Charter (1941)
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Joint declaration of war aims by FDR & Churchill. Pledged collective security, disarmament, self-determination, econ. coop
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Pearl Harbor
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-December 7, 1941
-1941, the U.S. naval base in Hawaii was bombed by Japanese planes, killing more than 2,400 people and destroying a good portion of America's fleet.
-Led US into WWII
- 150 planes destroyed, and the idea of isolationism was done for.
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"Zoot Suit" Riots
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1943; Several thousand off-duty sailors and soldiers, joined by hundreds of local whites, rampaged through downtown L.A. streets, assaulting Hispanics, African Americans, and Filipinos.
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E.O. 8802
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FDR-1941
created the Fair Employment Act which prohibited racial discrimination in the National Defense Industry (creating weapons)
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Navajo Code Talkers
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bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during WWII by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units so that the Japanese cannot know what they are talking about. they couldnt break the code
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American Confinement of Japnaese Americans
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shipped to 12 unfinished camps behind wires with watchtowers and spot lights, no insulation; divided rooms by sheets for privacy;later, gave all we locked up 20,000; some volunteer to fight and fight germans with us;
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Women in the War
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Women served as nurses and broke many stereotypes by doing what was previously considered "men's work." They also took many of the jobs the men left behind when they went to war.
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D-Day
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June 6, 1944, when an Allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy, France coast and established a foot-hold in Europe, leading to the liberation of France from German occupation
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Yalta Conference
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Meeting of FDR, Winston Churchill, and Stalin at a Crimean resort to discuss the postwar world in 1945; Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet domination
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Manhattan Project
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Secret American program during WWII to develop an atomic bomb; J. Robert Oppenheimer led the team of physicists at Los Alamos, NM
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Trinity Site and Jumbo
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Where the first atomic bomb was tested in 1945
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Postdam Conference
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Last meeting of the major allied powers, the conference took place outside Berlin from July 17 to August 2, 1945; U.S. president Harry Truman, Stalin, and British prime minister finalized plans made at Yalta conference
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The "Long Telegram"
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George F Kennan, 1946; 5000 word telegram explaining why the soviets are behaving the way they are and what we should do about it.
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Containment Policy
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General U.S. strategy during the Cold War, using military, economic, and diplomatic plans to contain Soviet expansion; Originally devised by George F. Kennan
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Truman Doctrine
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President Harry S. Truman's program announced in 1947 of aid to European countries- particularly Greece and Turkey- who were threatened by communism
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Marshall Plan
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U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-WWII Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; Proposed by General George C. Marshall in 1947
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Molotov Plan
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the system created by theSoviet Union in 1947 in order to provide aid to rebuild the countries inEastern Europe that were politically and economically aligned to the SovietUnion; Copies U.S's Marshall Plan
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NATO
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a mutual defense pact formed by western nations in 1949
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Berlin Airlift
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1948-1949; A 327 day operation in which the US and Britain flew planes over to West Berlin with food and supplies following the Soviet blockade of the city.
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Korean conflict
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The Korean War, from June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953 , was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. (Although a cease-fire and repatriations were made, the war was never ended by treaty.) China supported communist North Korea, U.S. and allies supported South Korea; Split by the 38th…
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NSC-68
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April 1950 National Security Council document that advocated the intensification of the policy of containment both at home and abroad.
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Election of 1952
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-key issue: Korean War
-Truman- low popularity after dismissing MacArthur, not running for reelection
-Dwight Eisenhowe- "I Like Ike", Republican candidate, aimed at Truman administration, Communism, Corruption; peace candidate
-Richard Nixon- VP, scandal of accepting wealthy benefacto…
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GI Bill
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Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944
1944; Government paid the bills for all veterans who wanted to complete a college eduacation
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Levittown
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Low cost, mass produced developments of suburban tract housing built by William Levitt after WWII on Long Island and elsewhere
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Keynesian Economics
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Economic theory derived from the writing of British economist John Keyes, which rejected the laissez-faire approach in favor of public spending to stimulate economic growth, even at the cost of federal deficits; denominated economic policies of administrations from 1940s to the mid-1970s
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Dr. Spock
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Child care expert. Thought women should have one priority that is to take care of the children.Very hard to get a job for women so they devoted time to the children
he insisted full attention should go towards their child. Good childcare was rare
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nuclear family
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a form of family consisting of married parents and their biological or adopted children
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president's committee on civil rights
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who: President Truman
what: federal anti-segregation laws
when: 1948
where: USA
why: ends racial discrimination within federal government and military
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To Secure these Rights
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A report by the President's Committee on Civil Rights, it was given a year after the Committee was formed, and helped pave the way for the civil rights era. It recommended that the government start an anti-lynching campaign and ensure that Blacks got to vote. 1947
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NCAAP
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The national association for the advancement of colored people, an organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality; Funded by DuBois
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Thurgood Marshall
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American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
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Brown vs Board of Education
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1954; Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson. Supreme court decided that separate-but-equal was unconstitutional. That you can't be equal if you are separate.
Earl Warren
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Little Rock 9
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1957, 9 african-american students trued to integrate into a public high school but were threatened with lynching
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emmett till
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Emmett Louis Till was an African-American boy who was murdered in Mississippi at the age of 14 after reportedly flirting with a white woman
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Montgomery, AL Bus Boycott
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1955; Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man and was arrested; MLK organizes boycott that lasted a year; Supreme Court ruled transit rules were unconstitutional; victory for blacks;
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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became famous after the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955
1963 March on Washington
I Have a Dream Speech
nonviolent civil rights activist
Also fought against Vietnam War
"beloved community"
Intellectual
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First Televised Presidential Debate
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September 1960; JFK vs Nixon; If you listened on radio Nixon won, but if you watched on tv JFK won
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Peace Corps
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established by Kennedy to promote world peace overseas and aid countries in need of establishment assistance
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Bay Of Pigs
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Hoping to inspire a Cuban revolt against Fidel Castro, the CIA sent 1,500 Cuban exiles to invade their homeland on April 17, 1961, but the mission was a failure
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Caused when the U.S. discovered Soviet offensive missile sites in Cuba in 1962; the U.S.-Soviet confrontation was the Cold War's closest brush with nuclear war
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Kennedy Assasination
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-November 22, 1963
-Kennedy was shot in the head.
-JFK is assasinated by Lee Harvey Oswald, and is replaced by Lyndon B. Johnson.
-Oswald got the weapon in the mail
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1964 Civil Rights Act
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Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and employment
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Passed in the wakes of MLK's, Selma to Montgomery March, it authorized federal protection of the right to vote and permitted federal enforcement of minority voting rights in individual counties, mostly in the South
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Tonkin Gulf Resolution
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1964; Passed by Congress in reaction to supposedly unprovoked attacks on American warships off the coast of North Vietnam; it gave the president unlimited authority to defend U.S. forces and members of SEATO
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Tet Offensive
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Surprise attack by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese during the Vietnamese New Year of 1968; turned American public opinion strongly against the war in Vietnam
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Case-Church Agreement
LSD
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powerful hallucinogenic drug known as acid
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Timothy Leary
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•Harvardpsychologist who used LSD to experiment with brain chemistry
•Claimedto have discovered a new consciousness
•“Turnon, tune in, drop out”
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The Merry Pranksters
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Founded by Ken Keesy. Based in the San Francisco area. Travelled across country in a bus called "further" and did lots of drugs. They introduced the Hell's Angels motorcycle gang to LSD.
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communes
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an association of townspeople bound together by a sworn oath for the prupose of obtaining basic liberties from the lord of the territory.
OR
a self-governing town after receiving its liberties.
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The Whole Earth Catalog
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Started by Stewart Brand, a Sears catalog of counterculture.
Helped people find anything that they needed to be self-sustaining.
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University of Wisconsin Protest
Weather Underground
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- Weatherman --> Weather Underground
- Secret revolutionary government
- Used violence; bombed public buildings
- Tried to stop the war
-"Bring the War Home"
- Goal: overthrow the US government
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anti-imperialism
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a movement opposed to colonilism and against the expansion of country beyond its borders
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Democratic National Convention of 1968
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anti-war protesters clashed with chicago police & army troops over rights to protest and march at the convention. it lasted for 5 days.
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President Richard Nixon's Foreign Policy with China
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Nixon Doctrine promised no more military protection in Asia; eased embargo with China, table tennis match was held in China and then Nixon went in 1972
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Opec Oil Crisis
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1970s
Arab nations retaliated against the Western bloc for supporting Israel
Restricted the output and distribution of oil
Produced a sharp increase in oil prices and a severe economic disruption all over the industrialized world
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Iran Hostage Crisis
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1979-1981
Crisis in which Iran students overrun the US Embassy and take hostages for 444 days. Released after Reagan took office
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Stagflation
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1970s; combination of stagnation and inflation; prices go up and GDP goes down which is when people get laid off
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Reaganomics
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Popular name for President Reagan's philosophy of "supply side" economics, which combined tax cuts with an unregulated market price
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War on Drugs
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Aim to define and reduce illegal drug trade. Started by Nixon and re-launched by Reagan. Anti Drug Abuse Act of 1986, funding for prisons, 124 million annually prison-industrial complex not helping them stop committing crime, but arresting them after the "New Jim Crow" mass incarceration.…
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Moral majority/ Jerry Falwell
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A political organization of the United States which had an agenda ofevangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. It was founded in 1979 and dissolved in the late 1980s.
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Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
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"Star Wars"; Defense Department's plan during the Reagan administration to build a system to destroy incoming missiles in space
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Reagan Doctrine
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US will put pressure on the soviet union from all sides. he believes this will make the soviet union fold up. 1989 berlin wall falls, 1990 ussr gives over power, 1991 ussr no longer exists
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Iran-Contra Scandal
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- Reagan selling arms to Iran in exchange for hostages
- Using profits to fund Contras in Nicaragua
- Long standing dislike of US by Saddam after realizing we were arming both Iraq and Iran
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Soviet leader whose bold reforms led to the breakup of the Soviet Union
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glasnost and perestroika
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Russian words for open and reform. instituted by Gorbachov during his tenure of Soviet Union. Restructure political and economic system. Led to dissolution of USSR and end of Cold War. Greater freedom of information and knowledge of gov't activities.
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Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF)
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(1987) agreement between US and USSR that eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missils with intermediate ranges
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1989 Revolutions
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Mass protests in Soviet Union and the satellite nations for economic and social freedoms. About establishing sovereignty. Started with Poland and Hungary. Gorbachev in USSR introduced perestroika & glasnost to appease them but ultimately led to the demise of the Soviet Union. Soviet Union…
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Persian Gulf War/Gulf War
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It was a war waged by a U.N. authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of the State of Kuwait. It began with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops in 1990.
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Operation Desert Storm (1991)
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U.S.-led multi-country military engagement in January and February of 1991 that drove Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi army out of neighboring Kuwait
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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An agreement between Canada, the U.S., and Mexico that created the world's largest free-trade zone
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
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1933; International trade accord that substantially reduced worldwide tariffs and other trade barriers.
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WTO (World Trade Organization)
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The new name give to GATT in 1994. Currently responsible for monitoring and enforcing multilateral trade agreements among its 153 member countries
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Health Care Reform
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Clinton pledged to guarantee affordable health care for all Americans
Headed by the first lady
Congress never voted on it
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Contract With America
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1994; Newt Gingrich; set of promises to voters: balanced budget, line item veto, term limits
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Study Guide: Final Exam