PSY-P 101: EXAM 6
56 Cards in this Set
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psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mind
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different types of psychologists
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William James
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interested in what the mind does rather than the elements of the mind
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Wilhelm Wundt
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established the first psychology lab
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John Watson
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John Watson
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scientific method
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observe
detect regularities
generate hypothesis
observe
test, etc
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hypothesis
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A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
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internal and external validity
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internal-how it applies to the lab
external-do your observations apply to real life?
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dependent variable
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behavior that is being measured or observed
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independent variable
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aspect of the environment that is manipulated or changed
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motor neuron
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messages from the spinal cord TO the brain
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sensory neuron
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messages to the spinal cord FROM the brain
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axon and dendrite
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axon-transmits information to the dendrites or cell bodies of neighboring neurons
dendrite-receives information
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synapse
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tiny gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrite of the next one
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resting potential
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tiny charge between outside and inside of neuron
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action potential
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travels down the axon to other neurons
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autonomic nervous system
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involuntary actions (heart, stomach, other organs)
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sensations
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the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system
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perception
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the interpretation of the information (of a sensation)
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rods and cones
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rods-sensitive to low light
cones-sensiive to fine detail, color
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feature detector
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increase their firing rates to specific bars of light presented at particular orientation
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opponent-process theory
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we perceive color not in terms of separate categories but rather in a system of paired opposites
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trichromatic theory
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3 types of cones in the retina, each maximally sensitive to one range of wavelengths
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retinex theory
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color constancy is the tendency of an object to appear nearly the same color even though we see it in a variety of lighting conditions
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attention
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internal processes used to set priorities for mental funcioning
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suprachiasmic nucleas
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a small area at the base of the brain, produces circadian rhythm (cycles of activities that rise and fall along a 24-hour cycle), but is not necessary for its generation
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stages of sleep
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1. theta waves
2. sleep spindles and k complexes3. delta activity
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survival theory of sleep
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we sleep at night because it stopped people from venturing forth into a hostile environment
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repair and restoration theory of sleep
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"down time" helps repair normal wear and tear on the body and brain
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freud's manifest content of dreams
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dreams reveal the dreamer's unconscious thoughts and motivations
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activation synthesis hypothesis of dreams
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dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random patterns of neural activity
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classes of drugs
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depressants-slow activity of the central nervous system
stimulants-increase the activity of the central nervous system
narcotics-bind to opiate receptors and stimulate dopamine production
opiates-affect perception, distort idea of reality
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processes involved in memory
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encoding-how memories are formed
storage-how memories are kept over time
retrieval-how memories are recovered and translated into performance
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short term memory
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a system we use to temporarily store, think about, and reason with information
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long term memory
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a relatively permanent storage of mostly meaningful information
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visuospatial sketchpad
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stores visual and spatial information
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phonological loop
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stores word sounds
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episodic memories
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memory of a particular event or episode that happened to you personally
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retrograde amnesia
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memory loss for events that happened prior to the point of brain injury
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anterograde amnesia
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memory loss for events that happen after the point of physical injury
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syntax
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rules governing how words should be combined to form sentences
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morphemes
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the smallest units in a language that carry meaning
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phonemes
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the smallest significant sound units in speech
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classical conditioning
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technique developed to study for simple associations to form
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operant conditioning
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learning about consequences
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pavlov
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dogs-bell-drooling
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unconditioned stimulus
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neutral stimulus that is paired with the US during classical conditioning
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conditioned stimulus
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the learned response produced by the conditioned stimulus
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neutral stimulus
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a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention
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stimulus generalization
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responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus
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stimulus discrimination
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stimulus situation in which a response will be followed by a reward or punishment
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spontaneous recovery
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recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of non-exposure to the unconditioned response
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positive reinforcer
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response leads to the presentation of an event that increases the likelihood of that response occurring again
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negative reinforcer
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response leads to the removal of an event that increases the likelihood of that event happening again
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positive and negative punishment
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consequences that decrease the likelihood of responding in a similar way again
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reinforcement schedules
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a rule that an experimenter uses to determine when particular factors will be reinforced
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Study Guide: Final Exam