PSY P101 Exam 4 Indiana University Bloomington April 2015 Professor Dr Carol Watson Chapter 6 Memory Definition of memory and 3 processes o Memory Retention of information or experience over time o Encoding the information gets into our brains in a way that allows it go be stored o Storage the information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved o Retrieval reactivating recalling the information producing it in a form similar to what was encoded o 4 steps to encoding 1 Attention 2 Levels of Processing 3 Elaboration 4 Use of Mental Imagery Atkinson Shiffrin model and iconic echoic memory Echoic Memory Auditory sensory memory Retained for up to several seconds Iconic Memory Visual sensory memory Retained for only of a second Baddeley central executive like a memory director Short term memory o Limited capacity 7 2 items o Information retained up to 30 seconds without strategies to retain it longer o Chunking grouping information o Rehearsal conscious repetition of information Working memory o Not the same as short term memory o Not a storehouse o What we are working with in the now o Interacts with both short term and long term memory Long term memory automatic or effortful Episodic o Autobiographical information o Personal Experience Semantic o Knowledge about the world o Facts Procedural o Things you know what you can show by doing o Memory for skills o Classical Conditioning Conditioning o Salivating when you see a favorite food Priming o Triggers a thread of associations that brings us to a certain concept Schema o Broad concept Pre existing mental concept framework to help organize interpret information Specifies to a structure Scripts o Schema for routine activities Help in text comprehension Prospective memory o A subset of implicit memory o The cerebellum is especially important as it is needed to coordinate the flow of movements required for skilled motion and timing of movements Which lobes parts of the brain associated with the different types of memory I Frontal Lobe Episodic Memory II Amygdala Emotional Memories Temporal Lobes Explicit memory priming III IV Hippocampus Explicit memory priming V Cerebellum Implicit Memory Memory retrieval Recall vs recognition Recall memory task to retrieve previously learned information Recognition memory task to identify or recognize learned items Encoding Specificity Principle Information present at time of learning tends to be effective as retrieval cue Context dependent Memory Remembering better when attempting to recall information in same context in which it was learned Autobiographical Memories Special form of episodic memory Contains recollections of our life experiences Hierarchical Structure All are intertwined in memories May be embellished Flashbulb Memory Emotionally significant events Recalled with vivid imagery Probably inaccurate Can be impacted with drugs Repressed Memories Defense mechanism by which person forgets it because traumatized Special case of forgetting Forgetting Encoding failure NOT forgotten but probably never encoded Poor retrieval cues mental reminders information between new and old information Interference forgetting because other information gets in way of remembering Proactive Interference Past information disrupts retrieval of material learned later Retroactive Interference New information disrupts retrieval of material learned Ebbinghaus Forgetting curve You forget things as time goes by We forget a lot really quickly Chapter 7 Cognition The way in which information is processed manipulated in remembering thinking and knowing Thinking involves manipulating information mentally by Forming Concepts Solving Problems these are the 4 steps in thinking Making Decisions Reflecting in a critical or creative manner Intelligence the ability to perform well on cognitive tasks learn from experience and solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations The 4 steps in Thinking I Forming Concepts Solving Problems II III Making Decisions IV Reflecting in a critical or creative manner The 4 steps in Solving Frame a problem I II Problem Solving Strategies trial error subgoals algorithms heuristics insight III Evaluate You don t know if your solution works until you try it IV Rethink Always be trying to improve on past performance Concepts mental representation used to group objects events or characteristics o Allow generalization o Allow association of experiences and objects o Aid memory think of shopping list chunking o Provide clues about how to react to particular object or experience o However we often form concepts by developing prototypes or mental images of the best example of a concept Prototypes fail us when examples stretch our definitions as in considering whether a stool is a chair the boundary between concepts is fuzzy as in judging blue green colors or between cats and dogs examples contradict our prototypes such as considering whether a whale is a mammal or a penguin is a bird Types of Problem Solving o Trial Error Trial and error involves trying various possible solutions and if that fails trying others o Subgoals Subgoals involve breaking a large problem into smaller sections pieces goals o Algorithms An algorithm is a step by step strategy for solving a problem methodically leading to a specific solution o Heuristics A heuristic is a short cut step saving thinking strategy or principle which generates a solution quickly but possibly in error Rule of thumb o Insight Insight refers to a sudden realization a leap forward in thinking that leads to a solution Fixation Using prior strategy and failing to look at problem from fresh new perspective o Functional fixedness Failure to solve problem due to fixedness on usual function of something o Obstacle to problem solving Reasoning the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions o Inductive Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations o Deductive Reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance Divergent Thinking Producing many solutions to same problem brainstorming Convergent Thinking Producing single best solution to problem Creative thinkers do both Divergent Convergent thinking What does IQ stand for Intelligence Quotient Biases on IQ tests 1 From urban rather than rural environments 2 Of middle rather than low socioeconomic status 3 Who are White rather than African American Binet foundation of IQ tests developed idea of mental age o IQ MA CA x 100 IQ 3