P101 Chapter 6 03 04 2015 Representing The World Sensation Perception our eyes take in stimulus energies sense something in Sensation surrounding o Sensory receptors nervous system RECEIVE REPRESENT stimulus energies Perception our brain makes sense of energies o ORGANIZE INTERPRET these energies o What can affect perception Surroundings environment Preconscious notions Feelings What is physically in the world is different from what we represent with out eyes and brain Our representations often differ from others Two Processes info 1 Bottom Up assembling and integrating sensory info 2 Top Down using models ideas expectations to interpret sensory Absolute Threshold minimum level of intensity for detecting a stimulus half the time Priming Effect activation often subconsciously of associations that influence perception memory and response Ex watched a show on Food Network about pasta later in the day you are hungry so you make pasta because you already had the idea or thought of pasta in your head Signal Detection Theory there is NO absolute threshold Depends on many different factors besides the strength of the Perceptual Set what we expect to see influences what we DO see stimulus Top down Effects on Perception situations circumstances influence perception the way we feel effects how we will see something Context Emotion Physical State etc effects how we will see something Motivation something you desire looks closer how we feel physically tired awake strong weak o Ex 1M a mile away looks closer than 1 000 ones culture beliefs morals etc changes the way we look Culture at something Illusion of Validity perceptions are influenced by our valid conclusions We love being correct and most of the time think we are and hate We are dazzled by our brilliance and we hate to be being wrong wrong Kahneman Parallel Processing processing many aspects simultaneously Is both high road low road Three Color Theory 3 types of color receptor cones red green blue All colors created by light waves simulating combinations of 3 cones Red green and blue don t actually refer to the appearance of the cones they are the colors to which these 3 cones react Sensory Adaption diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant exposure to that stimulus Gestalt an organized or whole form visual organization Physical experiences mental activities holistic view of the world o a free minded approach Grouping organizing incomplete parts into Gestalt wholes o Proximity grouping nearby figures together o Continuity perceive smooth continuous patterns o Closure fill in gaps to create whole objects o Similarity group similar elements together o Symmetry divide objects into even parts Tastes Tongue 5 receptors for 5 different types of tastes each of which energy source potentially toxic acid may have survival functions 1 Sweet 2 Sour 3 Umami Savor 4 Bitter 5 Salty proteins to grow and repair tissue potential poisons sodium essential to psychological processes Temporal Lobe sensory input storing memories Limbic System emotions These two work together Ex smells that trigger memories Highly Sensitive People Positive Aspects o More aware of possibilities in situations appear inhibited o Process info from environment more carefully study it before acting o Possess more sensitive nervous system More aware of subtleties in surroundings o Many are intellectually gifted unusually creative productive workers attentive and more thoughtful in close relationships Negative Aspects o More likely to be overwhelmed in highly stimulating environments o More likely to become exhausted o Need more time for emotional recovery time o Slower to react make decisions Low Sensitive People Positive Aspects o Less likely to overwhelmed in highly stimulating environments o Less likely to become exhausted o Need less time for emotional recovery time o Quicker to react make decisions o Our culture often prefers such people as LEADERS Negative Aspects o More likely to overlook nuances subtleties of a situation surrounding environment o More prone to mistakes errors in judgment o Less likely to find workable pragmatic solutions Kinesthesis sensing movement position of individual body parts Vestibular Sense sensing head body position Deals with balance and spatial position Vertigo experienced Dizziness if the vestibular sense is not working vertigo is Touch Most enduring human quality Necessary for positive human growth Without it we struggle even animals o Orphan Gorilla w help from human example from class Positive Influence of Human Touch for Infants o Faster weight gain o Mental development o Motor skill development o Bond between parent child o Earliest form of communication between parent child The elderly receive the least amount of touch Sensation of Pain Given the choice between the experience of pain and nothing I would always choose pain Faulkner endorphins affect sensitivity to pain Social Contagion feel pain when others are experience pain in front of you o Empathy mirroring Embodied Cognition effects on body experiences on feelings attitudes thoughts and judgments Exs o Holding a warm mug promotes social warmth o Social rejection looks like pain reception in the brain o Being ignored cold shoulder makes room seem colder P101 Chapter 7 Learning 03 04 2015 Change that persists over time Other definitions behaviors o Intrinsic need for new info o Procession of acquiring new relatively enduring info and or Respondent Conditioning a form of learning in which a response is elicited by a neutral stimulus which has been repeatedly presented in conjunction with the stimulus that originally elicited the response Before Conditioning o Neutral Stimulus NS stimulus does NOT trigger a response Ex the bell NS does NOT trigger a response from the dog o Unconditioned Stimulus US Response UR a stimulus that triggers a response naturally before without any conditioning Ex the dog food US triggers the dog to salivate UR During Conditioning stimulus o Neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned Ex the bell NS the dog food US dog salivates UR After Conditioning o The NS alone removal of US leads to a CR CR conditioned response Ex food is removed bell is rung dog salivates The UR becomes the CR with conditioning Generalization Discrimination conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli learned ability to only respond to specific stimuli Operant Conditioning behavior modified in response to consequences of behavior Operant individual