PSY - P 101 : EXAM 1
61 Cards in this Set
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experiment
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manipulate one or more variables and observe the effect on the other; can determine cause and effect
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Correlational Study
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examine strength and direction of association
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Independant Variable
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(x) variable being manipulated
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Dependant Variable
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(y) measured outcome after manipulation
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Statistic significance
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chance of error is less that 5%/ .05 probabilty
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standard deviation
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measure of variance around the mean- assesses homgeneity
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control group
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group that has the presence of the IV but does not recieve manipulation
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Developmental Psychology
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study of patterns of continuity and systematic changes that occur throughout the lifespan of the organism
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3 Broad categories that influence development
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1. Physical/Biological processes and events 2. cognitive processes and events 3. socio-emotional processes and events
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cross sectional design
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observing groups of subjects of various ages at one time
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longitudinal design
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observing subjects of the same age at varying times across their lifespan
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Sequential design
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combines cross sectional and and longitudinal; more than one group, members of each group are the same age but each group is a different age and they are studied at intervals
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How many genes are in the human body?
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21,774
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zygotic/germinal period
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0-2 weeeks
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embryonic period
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3-8 weeks
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fetal period
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2-9 months
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F.A.S. symptoms
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bellow average intelligence, flattened nose and wide spaced eyes, heart defects, small upper lip, limb defects, small head.
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Postnatal Threats to development
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1. substantial emotional trauma and extreme stress 2. exposure to alchohol/drugs 3. accidents/meurological trauma
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normative development
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the sequence of development
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unique development
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specific timing of developmental events
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Phenotype
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genotype + environment
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range of reaction
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range of possible phenotypes to one genotype
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infants prefur..
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faces over patterns over solid stimuli (also like new stimuli)
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visual acuity
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ability to discriminate small details
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visual acuity develops...
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gradually from birth to 6 years old
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how do you determine an infants visual acuity?
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utilize preference for patterns
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how can you tell when an infant has put something into memory?
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habituation & discrimination
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Gestalt
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taking items and seeign them as a whole (integration) andnot just separate parts
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Go over infant visual perception with angles experiment.
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in notes
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habituation
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learning in which an animal, after a period of exposure, stops responding
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Wernicke's Area
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speech perception
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Broca's Area
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speech production
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Assimilation
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new information is understood in terms of existing schemes
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Accomidation
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new information leads to modification of old schemes and creation of new schemes
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Scheme
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mental representations of the kinds of actions which can be preformed on a category of objects
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List Piaget's Stages
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1. Sensori-motor 2. pre-operational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational
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Sensori-motor Stage
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-birth-2yr - differentiate self from objects -begins to act intentionally -achieves object permanence
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Object Permanence
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objects exist even if you don't see them (assessed with "hiding tasks") (kids always have object premanence, they just lack the motor skills to execute piaget's test)
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Preoperational Stage
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- 2-7 years -language develops
-egocentric thought -children cannot preform cognitive operations
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3 mountains test
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Piaget's test for egocentricism...not a good test because it requires a large working memory
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Concrete Operational Stage
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- 7-11 years - can think logically -understanding cause effect
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Formal Operational Stage
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-11 and up -think logically about abstract things - becomes concerned with the hypothetical and future
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lateralization
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tendancy for certain processes to be more highly developed on one side of the brain than the other
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Ericksons Childhood stages of socio-emotional development
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0-18 mo: trust vs mistrust
2-3 yr: autonomy vs shame & doubt 3-5 yr: initiative vs guilt 6-11 yr: industry vs inferiority 12-18 yr: identity vs role confusion 19-40 yr: intimacy vs isolation 40-65 yr: generativiy vs stagnation 65-death: egointegrity vs inferiority
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Nun study of Mankato
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longitudinal study of aging and alzheimers
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Gottman's 4 steps tp successful marraige
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1. fondmess 2. friends 3. giving up some power 4. solving conflicts together
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resilience
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someone who can recover from or adapt to difficult circumstances
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cellular clock theory
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cells can divide at max. 100x and as we age, are cells become less capable of dividing
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temperament
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inclination toward a specific behavioral style
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easy children
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adjust well
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slow to warm up
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more fearful
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difficult children
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irritable, poor control (will likely have behavioral problems later i nlife)
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secure
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upset when mother leaves but happy when she returns
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avoidant insecure
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don't care if mother is there
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resistant insecure
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cling to mother; very angry if she leaves
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disorganized insecure
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depressed/unresponsive when mother leaves
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authoritarian parent
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high in demand and parent centered...lower initiative, lower social competence
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Authoritative parents
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high in demand but child centered; high social competance and self esteem
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neglectful parents
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low in demand and parent centered; lack self control and low self esteem
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permissive parents
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low in demand and child centered; lack of self control and self centered
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identity development
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1. moratorium period-searching/no formal commitments 2.identity confusion- no goals/apathy, poor relationships & lack of self sense 3.identity achieved-firm commitments to ideals and goals after a period of questioning 4.Identity foreclosure- unquestioning accdptance and career commitment…
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Study Guide: Final Exam