PSY - P 101 : EXAM 2
58 Cards in this Set
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Personality
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distinctive and enduring ways of thinking feeling and behaving
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Personality Psychology focus
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consistency across time and situation and individual difference
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Trait Perspective main focus
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on the identification and description of the major dimensions of personality
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Trait perspective 2nd focus
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understand the underlyign mechanisms
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Gordon Allport
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focuses more on individual traits that make individuals unique instead of traits that are common to all humans
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ideographic
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traits that make individuals unique
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nomothetic
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traits that are common to all humans
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Allport's 3 types of traits
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Cardinal Central Secondary
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Cardinal Trait
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influences all aspects of a personas life
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Central Trait
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5-10 just general traits
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Secondary Trait
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situaltionaly specific/narrow influence
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Trait theories were developed from
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Lexical approach
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Lexical Approach
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was a descriptive approach to describing personality using words from the lexicon that described people's characteristics; rate people on words to see what coorelates
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Trait
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continuous dimensions; not readily observable, they are inferred from specific behaviors
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hierarchal organization of traits
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Super-trait (extroversion) -> trait (sociable,active,lively) -> habitual bahavior (talks smiles, fidgets, jokes laughs)
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Eysenck's Theory
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3 Super Traits: 1.extroversion/introversion 2.neuroticism/stability 3.psychoticism/socialized
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The five factor model
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extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness
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Extrovert
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talkative,sociable, fun loveing, affectionate
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agreeable
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agreeable
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conscientious
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ethical, dependable, productive, purposeful
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nuerotic
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anxious, insecure, guilt prone, self concious
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open to experience
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daring, nonconforming, unusually broad interests, imaginative
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Tellegens model
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1. positive emotionality 2.negative emotionality 3.constraint
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Factor Analysis
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a mathmatical approach used to identify groups of variables that coorelate; used to identify traits and develop measures
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Trait stability
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a person's personality is relatively stable across time
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Mz twins share ______ genes.
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100%
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DZ twins share______ genes.
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25-75%
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heretibility of most traits
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40-50%
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ES
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shared .......what makes siblings alike (mostly genes)
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EN
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not-shared....what makes siblings different
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phenotype=
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G+Es+En
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studying twins reared apart gives you...
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En
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studying twins reared together gives you...
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Es+En
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Is Es important???
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if R (correlation) is really different for together and apart then yes...if they're close to the same then no.
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Es is only influential for...
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positive emotionality
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Frontal lobe
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self control and impulse control
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amygdala
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increased activity= anxiety, fearfulness, and shyness
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Seratonin
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found in the neurons from the raphe nuclei and project to various areas including the nucleus accumbens and the frontal lobe
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NAcc
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associated with behavior activation and reward seeking
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seratonin roles
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regulation of body temp, sleep, mood, appetite, pain, approach and social dominance
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low levels of 5-HT (seretonin)
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impulsivity/impulsive aggression, low social status, substance abuse/eating dissorder/depression
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doapmine
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originate in the ventral tegmental area and project to the NAcc and frontal cortex
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dopamine pathway to NAcc
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mesolimbic
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dopamine pathway to frontal cortex
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mesocortical
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DA is involved in
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responces to reward, reward seeking, positive mood, sexual behavior, attention, and working memory
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high DA activity...
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greater approach and positive affect, more novelty seeking, more excitement seeking
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Behavioral Acticvation
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increased sensitivity to potential reward & increased approach
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Behavioral Inhibition
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increased sensitivity to potential punishment & increased inhibition
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Social Cognitive theory
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emphasize different cognitive processes and their consistency with behavior; all about circumstances
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social cognitive theorists
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Bandura, Rotter, Mischel
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social cognitive focuses on
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1.influence of the situation on the indiviual & learning 2.reciprocal determinsm 3.person variables
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reciprocal determinsim
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cognitions, behaviors, and environmental factors
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person variables
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what makes us different from others;cognitive and behavioral styles reflecting individuality
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expectancies
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your expectations of outcomes after engaging in specific types of outcomes
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High LOC
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seek more info, independent, leaders;; believe you can could get what you want if you do waht it takes
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reinforcemetn values
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how much you value specific types of values
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self efficacy
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your belief in your ability to preform a specific task
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delay of gratification
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self control; ability to delay gratification of specific desires
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Study Guide: Final Exam